Distributed Cognition outline

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Distributed Cognition - outline

• Distributed Cognition
• Discussion about distributed cognition
• General discussion

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Reaction against mentalism

• Cognitivism (competence)
• Behaviourism (performance)
• Social antropology (systems)
• People select and build their physical and social
  environment and do so to support cognition.

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Individual
I think
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Janusface

• Distribution

Share
Part
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HCI-interaction
I think
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Aim

• to determine how to best represent, store and
  give access to electronical and other information
  dense artefacts for a collaborative team,
  enabling them to work in an orchestrated manner
• Interaction human-technology
• Organization of human-technology
• Design of representations

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Theoretical background

• Information processing theory
• System theory
• Socio-cultural theory
• Cognitive anthopology

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Information processing psychology

• How information
• Travels
• Processed
• Represented (critique of the all in the head
  processing)
• Mental processes is what cannot be explained by
  environmental factors
• Communication is the systems internal
  procesessing

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System theory

• Humans the artefacts cognitive system
• Delimiting the focus by goal or physical space
• Generalisability
• Comparision
• The system is more than the parts
• Change in one part may effect other parts or the
  productiveness of the whole
• Subsystems are dependent
• Production is organisation dependent

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HCI-system
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Socio-cultural theory

• Each individuals perspective is culturally
  determined
• Humans as producers and reproducers of culture
• Focus is on process and meaning, rather than
  structure
• Emergence

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Social-distribution
Conceptual change
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Cognitive systems

• Each individuals problem-space is small
• Make parallell activities possible
• Artefacts is part of cognitive processessing
• All information cannot be internalised
• Organisation and physical space determine
  information processing
• Interactive and intrapsychological phenomenon are
  different

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Activity context

• Synergistic whole
• Actors and artefacts constrain and enables each
  interactions

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Context-bound

• The arrangement of equipment in a workplace might
  seem to be a topic for traditional, noncognitive
  ergonomics. However, it has an interpretation in
  terms of the construction of systems of socially
  distributed cognition. The interaction of the
  properties of the senses with the physical layout
  of the task environment defines possibilities for
  the distribution of access to information
  (Hutchins, 1995197)

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Social distribution

• How components interact
• How components make learning possible

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Equivalent access hypothesis

• Compare to system theory
• Princip
• Not discussing meaning
• Association

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Description levels

• Task
• What the system should perform
• Representation
• What openess and state
• Activity
• How and what people do

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Human interaction with technology

• With Amplification (utility, power, strength)
• Of Cognitive transformation (residual)

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Learning

• Behaviour that manifest over time and context
• Change in the environment is part of learning
• Change in mental spaces

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Learning

• Horizon of observation
• Open interaction
• Open tools

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Learning in action

• Errors and breakdowns makes people articulate
• Artefacts and interactions make information
  visible
• Work distribution may be arranged for monitoring

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Of and with effects
Conceptual change
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Analysis

• Access
• Representation
• Knowledge
• Konstruktion

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Method

• Fieldstudies
• Experiement
• Simulations
• Computable models

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User and technology

• Technology serving as a catalysator
• Humans can serve as catalysator
• Humans process from goal and meaning
• Each component is more than its internal
  sophistication
• Humans are meaning-processing component
• Knowledge is in interaction

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Executive function and system delimitation

• System information flow depends upon the
  execution
• People come into systems
• System organise for people who choose
• Higher knowledge is uniquely human

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Formal and actual organisation

• Formal task distribution
• Actual task distribution and access to information

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Distributed Cognition
Conceptual change
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The emergency control centre
Receives all emergency calls (112) Exists at
20 sites in Sweden Co-ordinates and operates
several organisations Operates with a
minimum of 2 people
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Assessing the situation
Background Different priorities Many fake
emergencies (kids, mobile phone testing,
strange people) Operator rutines Ask for
additional details Ask for the reporters phone
number Check phone number with the official
phone database Ask for the reporters mane
and home address Match information from the
database with the one reported
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Collaborative tasks
Parallell activities necessary Joint
assessment of the accident Remind each other
of action to take Feedback support of the
assessment Share of their specific
responsibilities
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When to call for assistance?
If the emergency seems to require parallel
activities If it is difficult to hear or
understand the caller If it is difficult to
access the emergency, and what resources to
co-ordinate
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Co-ordination mechanisms
Signal Display - lets the operators make a
hierarchy of accidents and events Computer
screen - only shows which phone number the
caller has called) Human interaction
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