Prejudice

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Prejudice
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A cognitive view of prejudice
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Groups

• Naturally categorize people and objects into
  groups.

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Minimal Group Paradigm

• Merely categorize people into groups

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Implications

• Out-group homogeneity effect
• More similar

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Implications

• In-group Bias
• Liking, helping, trait evals

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Implications

• Ultimate Attribution Error (Pettigrew, 1979)
• In-group members-
• () behavior Internal
• (-) behavior situation.
• Out-group members-
• () behavior situational
• (-) behavior internal.

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Stereotypes

• Categorize individuals
• Depends on context
• Association with stereotype

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Where do stereotypes come from?

• 1) Culture/Society
• 2) Personal Needs (group, superiority,
  justification of social order)

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Stereotypes

• Activated automatically
• Lab Priming

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Devine, 1989

• Dissociation Model
• Stereotype Activation Automatic
• Personal Beliefs Controlled

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Stereotypes

• Automatic
• Why?
• Content Same
• Same socialization process

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Personal Beliefs

• Controlled (time, resources)
• Why?
• Consequences of controlled?

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• Note two separate structures
• Stereotype
• Beliefs
• Draw

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Dissociation Model 3 Studies

• Study 1 - Thought-listing task

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Thought ListingHigh Prejudice Low Prejudice

• Poor .80
• Aggressive .60
• Criminal .65
• Uneducated .50
• Athletic .75
• S Perverse .50
• Lazy .55
• L Intelligence .50

• Poor .75
• Aggressive .60
• Criminal .80
• Uneducated .50
• Athletic .50
• S Perverse .70
• Lazy .75
• L Intelligence .65

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Study 2 Are stereotypes automatically activated?

• Part 1 Primed (80/20)
• Part 2 Donald Story
• D.V. Trait Ratings (I.e., hostility)
• PredictionsThis is priming

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Predictions?

• 80 versus 20?
• High-prejudice vs. Low-prejudice Diff?

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Study 3 Personal Beliefs

• List as many alternate labels as they were aware
  of for the social group black AmericanAll
  thoughts flattering and unflattering were
  acceptable (p. 13).

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ResultsHigh-Prejudice Low-Prejudice

• more negative
• More traits
• Themes of hostility, aggression, or violence 60

• More positive
• More beliefs
• Themes of hostility, aggression, or violence 9

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Conclusions

• Content Same
• No controlAutomatic effect
• ControlHigh, low differentiation

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• NOTES E-Mail me

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Effects of stereotypes

• Bargh, Chen, Burrows (1996)
• Primed faces (W/B)
• Boring130th trial error message
• Repeat
• Reaction coded for hostility
• Video and experimenter

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Effects of stereotypes

• Prime old versus young
• Record time to walk down hall to next phase of
  the experiment.

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Stereotyping

• Chen Bargh (1997)
• Prime photos
• Pair w/partner (not primed)
• Word guessing game (Audio)
• Primed participant
• More hostile
• Partner
• Rated more hostile

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Effects of stereotypes

• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Individual produces behavior in others to confirm
  their stereotype about person
• Conscious

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

• Zanna and Cooper (1974)
• Experiment 1
• White interviewer, black applicant
• Seating
• Interview end (25) sooner
• Speech errors (50)

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Zanna and Cooper (1974)

• Experiment 2
• Interviewers (Act like Study 1) White Princeton
  applicants (St. 1)
• Interviews recorded and rated by participants
• Black treatment participant Evaluated less
  adequate (Evoking confirming behavior)
• Interviewees - rated interviewers less adequate
  less friendly.

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Effects of stereotypes

• Interpreting behavior
• White bumps black man, 13 say violent
• Black bumps white man, 73 say violent
• Priming
• React more hostile to experimenter request

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Can Stereotype activation be inhibited?

• Goals
• Multiple categorizations (Macrae et al., 1995)
• Chinese woman Eating noodles vs. putting on
  make-up
• 1 Inhibit woman S.
• 2 Inhibited Chinese

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Stereotype Threat (Steele et al. 1995) SFP

• Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming
  others negative stereotypes about ones group.
• Study 1
• I.V. Race of participant (B/W)
• I.V. Salient intelligence test
• D.V. Verbal test

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Steele et al. (1995)
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Stereotype Threat

• Women and Men (Math)
• Asians (Math)
• May lead individuals to Disidentify from areas
  where they are disadvantaged due to stereotypes
  (i.e., math)

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Stereotype Threat Idea

• Interview Scenario
• W/Interviewer, B/Applicant
• Salient vs. non-salient bias
• Measure prej

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Personal Needs and Prejudice

• Social Identity Theory
• Scapegoat theory
• Realistic Group Conflict Theory
• Need for status and belonging
• Authoritarian personality

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Unequal status breeds prejudice

• Prejudice justifies differences
• Behavior creates attitudes!
• Explain this...

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Is Prejudice inevitable?

• Lepore and Brown (1997)

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Inevitability of Prejudice

• Categories (I.e., age, gender, and race) attended
  to automatically.
• Influences behavior

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Automatic activation of stereotypes

• Category member Node activation spreading
  activation (frequency)

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Are all characteristics known to be stereotypic
automatically activated?

• All characteristics may not be automatically
  activated (freq.)

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Social group representations

• Individuals beliefs are represented by links

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Stereotype

• Diagram (One cognitive structure)

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Study 1

• Problem with Devines Studies
• Replicated Devine Study 1 (content)

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Study 2

• Prime for the category Black
• Read about person and rate on 8 behavioral
  sentences
• 8 Behavioral Sentences
• 2 Athletic (Positive)
• 2 Fun Loving (Positive)
• 2 Aggressive (Negative)
• 2 Unreliable (Negative)

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Results
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Results

• High and low-prej respond differentially to primes

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Study 3

• Replicated Devine (i.e., poor, slavery, busing,
  negro, oppressed, ghetto)
• No diff. Between high and low

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Results

• Stereotypes may be activated differently for high
  and low prejudice individuals

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Overcoming Prejudice

• Judgments of individuals
• Vivid information may sometimes override
  stereotypes

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Overcoming Prejudice

• Sherif (1954)
• Functionalist
• Conflict vs. superordinate goals

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Overcoming Prejudice

• Summer Camp
• Stage 1 Friendship formation
• Stage 2 Rattlers vs. Eagles (group norms,
  status, leaders)
• Hiking, swimming, building forts separately

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• Stage III Initiation of competition
• tug-of-war, softball, soccer, football, bunkhouse
  inspection, K.P. (reward pocket knives)

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• Initially Good sportsmanship
• formation of negative out-group stereotypes and
  attitudes, raids on opponents camps, and
  physical confrontations between group members
• at the intragroup level, individual group members
  became more cohesive and orderly

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Solutions

• 1 Group contact w/ positive activities
• More conflict
• 2 Superordinate Goals
• Motivation to achieve
• Cooperation required for success

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Solutions

• Tasks Pooling earned cash for movies, pulling
  broken down bus.
• No immediate effects
• Over time, significant reduction of conflict
• Out-group friendship 0 to 30
• Name calling, derogation, in-group boasting
  decrease

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Sherif et al. (1961)

• Two groups at summer camp Rattlers and the
  Eagles
• Competitive situations
• Intergroup bias persisted until the functional
  relationship between groups changed.
• How?

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Sherif

• Superordinate goals
• Broken down bus, movie rentals
• In future interactions, intergroup biases
  attenuated

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Modern Racism Scale

• Strongly Disagree -2 -1 0 1 2 Strongly Agree
• Over the past few years, the government and news
  media have shown more respect to blacks than they
  deserve.
• It is easy to understand the anger of Black
  people in America.
• Discrimination against Blacks in no longer a
  problem in the U.S.
• Over the past few years Blacks have gotten more,
  economically, than they deserve.
• Blacks have more influence upon school
  desegregation plans than they ought to have.
• Blacks are getting too demanding in their push
  for equal rights.
• Blacks should not put themselves where they are
  not wanted.

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Stereotype for African Americans

• Positive attributes-playful, sensitive, humorous,
  charming, fashionable, religious, merry,
  cheerful, athletic, expressive, streetwise,
  musical
• Negative attributes-ignorant, poor, dishonest,
  complaining, violent, promiscuous, shiftless,
  superstitious, lazy, dangerous, threatening,
  reckless.

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Stereotype for White Americans

• Positive-Intelligent, organized, competitive,
  successful, independent, ambitious, progressive,
  industrious, educated, responsible, wealthy,
  ethical
• Negative-Boastful, exploitative, stubborn,
  materialistic, stuffy, boring, conventional ,
  callous, uptight, greedy, elfish, sheltered

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Devine, categories for attributes that
individuals listed as a stereotype for African
Americans

• Poor, aggressive/tough, criminal, low
  intelligence, uneducated, lazy, sexually
  perverse, athletic, rhythmic, ostentatious,
  inferior, food preferences, family
  characteristics, dirty/smelly, descriptive terms

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EXAM

• Tuesday, November 31st.
• 2 Studies w/Black and White participants
• Address Charlies issue of whether stereotype is
  the same for different sub-cultures.

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GENDER STEREOTYPES

• TEXT
• I will ask about a study...

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Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, Williams, 1995

• African-American and White-American
• 12 pos. words/12 neg. words (good or bad)
• Do again, exceptprimed with photos before each
  presentation.
• Latency difference between baseline and score
  when primed with Black or White facedoes face
  speed up or slow down?

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White Part./Black Part.
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Results

• For White Participants
• Substantial individual differences in automatic
  reaction
• Do these results have any impact on behavior?

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Results

• 10 minute debrief with African American
  experimenter
• Experimenter (Blind) rated the friendliness and
  interest shown by each participant
• Positive correlation between this and priming
  study

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Modern/Aversive Racism Model

• Overt vs. Subtle
• Negative feelings towards African Americans
• a) socialization
• b) cognitive mechanisms (i.e., categorization)

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• Negative feelings / Egalitarian
• Conscious? No
• Ex. Of expression of prejudice
• Helping behavior
• Alone vs. groupwhite vs. black victim
• Subtle forms talked about previously

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Social Identity Theory

• Desire for () self-concept
• Group memberships have value (, -)
• Value determined via S.C.
• In-group bias
• Alter reality
• Favor in-group, derogate out-group

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S.I.T.

• Group has low standing?
• Low S.I. -gt Leave group
• Increase effort
• Social Creativity -gt
• Alter previously negative (Digital Queers
  Triangle WWII)
• Compare with lower groups
• Compare on alternative dimensions