Cell Structures

1
Cell Structures

• Chapter 7
• Sections 1 2

2
The Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
  function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.

3
2 Basic Types of Cells

• Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells)
• Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus
• Examples bacteria
• Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells)
• Cells that DO have a nucleus and other organelles
• Examples plant cells and animal cells

4
Cell Structures

• Specialized structures that perform specific
  functions in the cell are called organelles.
• Organelle means little organ.

5
1 - Name Cell Wall

• 2 - Picture this should be an illustration that
  shows what the structure does what is the
  function of the structure? NOT a picture
  straight from textbook.
• 3 - Description of the picture that you came up
  with Example the offensive line protects the
  quarterback.
• 4 Function - How does your picture connect to
  the function of the cell part? Example the cell
  wall is like the offensive line b/c the cell wall
  protects and supports the cell.
• 5 - Type - Plant or Animal cell Prokaryote or
  Eukaryote Example found in all prokaryotes,
  fungi and, plant cells NOT found in animal
  cells!!!

6
Cell Membrane

• Physical Description thin, flexible barrier
  around the cell (just inside the cell wall OR the
  outside border of animal cells)
• Function controls what enters and leaves the
  cell support and protection
• Type of Cell found in all cells
• Analogy it is like the security guard of a
  factory

7
Cytoplasm

• Physical Description the fluid-like material
  inside the cell membrane
• Function contains the organelles cell jelly
• Site for chemical reactions
• Type of Cell found in all cells
• Analogy it is like the air of a factory

8
Nucleus

• Physical Description large organelle that is
  usually near the center contains the cells
  genetic material (DNA) a boss controls his/her
  employees
• Function controls the cells activities and
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the boss of a factory

9
Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope)

• Physical Description double layered membrane
  that surrounds the nucleus has pores
• Function Protects the nucleus pores allow
  material in and out of the nucleus.
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the office of a factory

10
Nucleolus

• Physical Description small, dense region in the
  center of the nucleus
• Function produces ribosomes
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is personnel department (the people
  who hire workers) for a factory

11
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Physical Description internal membrane system
• 2 Types Roughhas ribosomes SmoothNO
  ribosomes
• Function Smoothassembles components of the cell
  membrane Roughmodifies proteins
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the assembly line of a factory

12
Ribosomes

• Physical Description very small, round
  structures either attached to the endoplasmic
  reticulum or free (floating in the cytoplasm)
• Function makes proteins
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes AND some
  prokaryotes
• Analogy it is like the workers in a factory

13
Lysosome

• Physical Description small, round sacks in the
  cytoplasm
• Function breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and
  proteins into useable molecules break down old
  or damaged organelles
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes BUT are
  very rare in plant cells
• Analogy it is like the janitor of a factory

14
Vacuole

• Physical Description large, spacious sack in the
  cytoplasm
• Function stores materials for the cell (water,
  food, waste, etc)
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes (usually
  one large vacuole in plants and many small
  vacuoles in animals)
• Analogy it is like the storage closet of a
  factory

15
Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Body)

• Physical Description stack of membranes in the
  cytoplasm
• Function attaches carbohydrates and lipids to
  proteins gives proteins the address of their
  final destination
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the mailroom or packaging
  department of a factory

16
Mitochondria

• Physical Description bean-shaped organelle
  that has a folded inner membrane (called cristae)
• Function use FOOD to make high-ENERGY compounds
  for use by the cell
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the power plant or
  coal-burning furnace of a factory

17
Chloroplast

• Physical Description tubular organelle that
  contains chlorophyll (a green pigment)
• Function use energy from SUNLIGHT to MAKE FOOD
  molecules through photosynthesis
• Type of Cell found in plant cells
• Analogy it is like the cafeteria OR solar energy
  panels of a factory

18
Centrioles

• Physical Description bundles of microtubules
• Function part of the cytoskeleton that aids in
  cellular division
• Type of Cell found in animal cells
• Analogy it is like the cranes used to move
  things in a factory

19
Cytoskeleton

• Physical Description a network of protein
  filaments in the cytoplasm made of microtubules
  and microfilaments
• Function helps support the cell and maintain its
  shape moves organelles within the cell aids in
  cell movement
• Type of Cell found in all cells
• Analogy it is like the support beams and cranes
  of a factory

20
Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

• Cell Wall
• Chloroplasts
• No Centrioles
• Lysosomes are rare
• 1 Large Vacuole

• No Cell Wall
• No Chloroplasts
• Centrioles
• Lysosomes are common
• Several Small Vacuoles

Cells Alive Website
21
Job of Cells

• The main job of all cells is to make proteins
• Different cells make different types
• Protein production
• Ribosome ?
• Endoplasmic Reticulum ?
• Golgi Apparatus ?
• Final Destination of the Protein (may be outside
  of the cell)