The Changing Face of Peacekeeping

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Pearson Peacekeeping Centre

• AN OVERVIEW OF
• THIRD PARTY ASSISTANCE
• IN RELATION TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PEACE
  AGREEMENTS

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OUTLINE

• Overview of various types of 3rd party
  participants in peace operations using the
  partnership concept
• Roles and Functions of various partners
  (political/diplomatic, military, police/rule of
  law)
• Types of peace operations (both in general and in
  the Mid East)
• Coordination among the partners

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UNMIK MANDATE

• Perform basic civilian administrative functions
• Promote establishment of autonomy and self
  government
• Facilitate a political process to determine
  Kosovos future status
• Coordinate humanitarian and disaster relief of
  all international agencies
• Support reconstruction of key infrastructure
• Maintain civil law and order
• Promote human rights
• Assure safe and unimpeded return of all refugees
  and displaced persons to their homes in Kosovo

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KFOR MANDATE

• Maintain and enforce the cease-fire
• Oversee withdrawal of JSA
• Oversee demilitarization of KLA
• Border Monitoring

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UNTAET MANDATE

• Provide security and maintain law and order
• Establish an effective administration
• Assist in the development of civil and social
  services
• Ensure coordination and delivery of humanitarian
  assistance, rehabilitation and development
  assistance
• Support capacity building for self government
• Assist in the establishment of conditions for
  sustainable development

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PARTNERSHIP IN PEACE OPERATIONS

• The term applied to those organizations and
  individuals that work together to improve the
  effectiveness of modern peacekeeping operations.
  It includes the military, civil police,
  government and non-government agencies dealing
  with human rights and humanitarian assistance,
  diplomats, and organizations sponsoring
  development and democratization programmes.

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PARTNERS IN PEACE OPERATIONS

• POLITICAL/DIPLOMATIC PARTNER
• MILITARY PARTNER
• POLICE/RULE OF LAW PARTNER
• HUMAN RIGHTS PARTNER
• DEMOCRATIZATION AND INSTITUTION-
• BUILDING PARTNER
• HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE PARTNER
• ECONOMIC REHABILITATION AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNER

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POLITICAL/DIPLOMATIC PARTNERS IN A PEACE
OPERATION

• Political Leadership at Strategic Level
• Member States of the UN Security Council
• Permanent Representatives to the United Nations
  and Mission Staff
• Member States of Regional Organizations
• Secretary - Generals
• Political Leadership at Operational Level
• Special Representatives of the Secretary General
  (SRSG)
• High Representatives, Director-General
• Heads of UN Agencies
• Political Leadership at Working Level
• UN Civil Affairs

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POLITICAL/DIPLOMATIC ACTORS

• Political leadership of belligerent
  nations/factions
• Key States involved in the peace process
• States not in peace process but nonetheless
  directly affected by the conflict or steps to
  address it
• Troop-contributing States
• Regional organizations engaged in conflict
  resolution efforts (EU, NATO, OAS, OAU)
• The international community as a whole
• General Assembly (and its Fifth Committee on
  Finances)
• Diplomatic representatives of embassies in the
  Mission Area

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CIVIL AFFAIRS FUNCTIONS

• Maintain contact with local civilian authorities
• Provide advice on political, socio-economic, and
  human rights matters to international police
• Provide briefings to international agencies in
  the Mission Area
• Maintain working contacts with military
  components
• Participate in local and regional confidence
  building measures
• Provide information, analysis and reports on
  political events and trends to HOM through HCA.

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MILITARY PARTNER SECURITY ROLES

• Observation and monitoring
• Preventive deployment
• Inter-positioning (buffer)
• Control of movement
• Supervision of cease-fire
• Supervision of withdrawal of forces (including
  foreign)
• Demilitarization
• Disarmament and Demobilization
• Protection for, facilitation of, humanitarian
  assistance
• Support for police law and order function

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MILITARY PARTNER SECURITY Roles cont.

• Restoration of peace and security (stabilization)
• Conflict containment
• Forcible separation
• Establishment of safe areas
• Denial of movement
• Enforcement of sanctions

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RULE OF LAW PARTNER

• Complete Legal Chain from police through judges,
  courts and penal system.
• CIVILIAN POLICE FUNCTIONS
• NON-EXECUTORY
• Monitor Local Police
• Train Local Police
• Human Rights Monitoring/ Investigations
• EXECUTORY
• Exercise Police Functions

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MODELS OF PEACE OPS

• PEACEKEEPING FORCES
• UNFICYP
• OBSERVER MISSIONS
• KVM
• JOINT PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER MISSIONS
• MFO
• MULTIDISCIPLINARY, COMPLEX PEACE OPS
• UNTAET

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MODELS OF PEACE OPS IN THE MIDDLE-EAST

• PEACEKEEPING FORCES
• UN Interim Force in Lebanon - UNIFIL
• OBSERVER MISSIONS
• UN Truce Supervision Organization UNTSO
• JOINT MISSIONS
• Multinational Force and Observers MFO Sinai

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UNIFIL MANDATE

• Confirm withdrawal of Israeli forces from South
  Lebanon
• Restore International Peace and Security
• Assist the government of Lebanon in ensuring the
  return of its effective authority in the area

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UNTSO MANDATE

• Supervise the observance of the truce in
  Palestine (1948)
• Since then, various tasks
• supervise 1949 General Armistice Agreements
• observance of the cease fire in the Suez and
  Golan Heights areas after 1967
• Currently assists and cooperates with UNDOF and
  UNIFIL, is present in the Sinai and maintains
  offices in Beirut and Damascus

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MULTI NATIONAL FORCE AND OBSERVERS (MFO)

• Created by a 1981 Protocol to the Egypt-Israel
  Peace Treaty, MFO is a unique mission that
  reports directly to the two parties. Although
  originally intended to be a UN mission, it is
  outside the UN system.
• The mandate was to supervise and verify the
  Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai, and then to
  monitor and verify compliance with the agreed
  restrictions on military personnel and equipment
  within designated zones.
• Success is said to be founded on the commitment
  of the parties to peace and to support their own
  creation.
• It is funded mainly by the two parties and the
  US.

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MFO SINAI

• STRENGTHS
• DETAILED PROVISIONS ON HOW TO IMPLEMENT AGREEMENT
  
• POLITICAL CONTROL (DIRECTOR-GENERAL)
• DETAILED PROCEDURES FOR DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS
  STARTING AT LOWEST LEVEL
• FORMAL LIAISON SYSTEM
• MISSION CONSISTS OF BOTH CIVILIAN OBSERVERS AND
  FORMED MILITARY UNITS

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KOSOVO VERIFICATION MISSION (1998)

• MILOSEVIC/HOLBROOK AGREEMENT TO
• CEASE FIRE
• REDUCE FORCES TO PRE-HOSTILITY LEVELS
• ENSURE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
• AGREEMENT STIPULATED THAT IT WAS TO BE VERIFIED
  BY A MISSION OF 2000 UNARMED CIVILIAN MONITORS

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KVM MANDATE

• VERIFY THE AGREEMENT
• REPORT VIOLATIONS TO OSCE

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KFOR

• MANDATE INCLUDES
• MONITORING
• VERIFICATION
• COMPLIANCE/ENFORCEMENT
• Disarm the KLA
• Control Serb ethnic cleansing

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CIVIL MILITARY COOPERATION IN KOSOVO

• KVM
• KFOR
• KFOR UNMIK (Four Pillars)

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UNMIK/KFOR MODEL

• The organizational structure of the UN-led
  mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and its military
  partner mission, KFOR, was presented in the
  context of a presentation seeking to identify the
  optimal organizational structure for an
  international mission mandated to oversee the
  implementation of a comprehensive settlement.

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UNMIK/KFOR MODEL

• An evaluation of the substance of the plan being
  implemented is an entirely different matter.
• Analysis by a regional conflict resolution
  expert would be necessary to illuminate these
  kinds of lessons, which could then be subject to
  a cross-regional analysis.

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People to People Contacts

• In the context of IFOR (Nato-led implementation
  force in Bosnia in relation to the Dayton
  Accords), NATO developed a programme of people to
  people contacts in order to help build confidence
  among the three ethnic groups
• A major lesson they identify from this exercise
  was the need to start such a process as early as
  possible, ideally as soon as the negotiation
  begins but certainly as early as possible in the
  implementation planning process.

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MODERN INTEGRATED MISSION
HOM
Force Commander
CIVPOL
Civil Affairs
Democrat- ization
Human- itarian
CAO
Recon- struction
CIVPOL Elements
Force HQ
Miltary Contingents
COS
Operations
Personal
Logistics
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THE HEAD OF MISSION

• Responsible for
• Overall coordination of all aspects of field
  mission (inward process)
• Effective coordination with broader peace process
  (outward process)
• Acts as effective links to factions, to main
  actors in peace process and to Security Council
• Embassies in situ will be important in this
  regard.

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CONCLUSIONS

• Integrated multidimensional peace mission under
  civilian head
• Democratization and rule of law
• Civilianization of peace implementation process
• Economic reconstruction (Peace needs a
  constitutency).

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ADDENDUM IPCRI MISSION

• Food for thought.
• The following slides provide a very preliminary
  consideration of a possible mandate and tasks for
  the military partner in a multidimensional peace
  mission with a mandate to assist in the
  implementation of a comprehensive peace
  settlement between Israel and Palestine and
  taking into account the resolution of relevant
  outstanding issues with other neighbours.

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IPCRI MISSION

• THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE COMPREHENSIVE
  RECONCILIATION INITITIATIVE

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IPCRI MISSION MANDATE(Military Partner)

• To assist, monitor and verify compliance with the
  IP Peace Treaty (and related agreements)
• To deter by its presence hostile acts against
  Israel and Palestine
• To patrol Palestinian borders and territorial
  waters and to monitor border cross-points to
  prevent illegal crossings and smuggling
• To provide assistance to the Civil Affairs
  Commission and the Jerusalem Intl Police Force.

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IPCRI MISSION MANDATE(Military Partner)

• To assist, monitor and verify compliance with the
  IP Peace Treaty
• To deter by its presence hostile acts against
  Israel and Palestine
• To patrol Palestinian borders and territorial
  waters and to monitor border cross-points to
  prevent illegal crossings and smuggling
• To provide assistance to the Civil Affairs
  Commission and the Jerusalem Intl Police Force.

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IPCRI MISSION MANDATE(Military Partner)

• To assist, monitor and verify compliance with the
  IP Peace Treaty
• To deter by its presence hostile acts against
  Israel and Palestine
• To patrol Palestinian borders and territorial
  waters and to monitor border cross-points to
  prevent illegal crossings and smuggling
• To provide assistance to the Civil Affairs
  Commission and the Jerusalem Intl Police Force.

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IPCRI MISSION TASKS (MILITARY PARTNER)

• To assist, monitor and verify compliance with the
  security provisions of IP Peace Treaty
• Maintain liaison at all levels with IDF and PSF
• Monitor and verify withdrawal of Israeli forces
  from all areas of Palestine
• Monitor and verify the evacuation of Israeli
  settlements not included in the annexed areas
• Assist PSF in securing the evacuated settlements
• Monitor and verify the cessation of outside
  military assistance to Palestine through all
  land, water and air routes.
• Ensure the effective and proper operation of the
  Israeli early warning stations within Palestine
• Monitor and verify the commitment by Palestinians
  to non-militarized status
• Confiscate and destroy proscribed weapons.

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IPCRI MISSION TASKS (MILITARY PARTNER)

• To deter by its presence hostile acts against
  Israel and Palestine Maintain liaison at all
  levels with IDF and PSF
• Maintain a presence throughout the West Bank and
  Gaza
• Establish Early Warning Stations or share
  operation and results of Israeli stations
• Defend the territory of the West Bank and Gaza
  from attack or transit by the military forces of
  a third country
• Ensure the safe passage of persons, vehicles and
  goods along the West Bank - Gaza corridor
• Ensure the inviolability of Israeli territories
  by persons transiting the West Bank- Gaza
  corridor
• Deter terrorism and hostile acts against the
  parties
• Assist Palestinian Security Forces in arresting
  or taking preventive action against terrorists.

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IPCRI MISSION TASKS MILITARY PARTNER

• To patrol Palestinian borders and territorial
  waters and to monitor border cross-points to
  prevent illegal crossings and smuggling
• Establish surveillance of Palestinian borders and
  assist PSF in preventing illegal crossings and
  smuggling
• Monitor all crossing points into Palestine and
  prevent the entry of weapons and ammunition
• Monitor ship and boat movement in the
  Mediterranean and Dead Seas and deter individual
  infiltration and landing of weapons
• Monitor the airspace and airports and deter
  individual infiltration and the landing or
  dropping of weapons

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IPCRI MISSION TASKS(MILITARY PARTNER)

• To provide assistance to the Civil Affairs
  Commission and the Jerusalem Intl Police Force.
• Maintain a rapid reaction force to assist
  international police in maintaining law and order
  in the international areas of Jerusalem
• Provide close protection to Senior international
  staff and visitors
• Provide humanitarian assistance to Palestinians

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