The Conservative Order

1
The Conservative Order Challenges of Reform
Revolution

• Chapter 20
• 1815-1837

2
Congress of Vienna

• Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Goals
• Principle of Legitimacy
• Balance of Power
• Concert of Europe

3
Romanticism

• Return to the art and architecture of the Middle
  Ages
• Discounted the objectivism of the enlightenment
• Believed in a spirituality that would promote
  nationalism

4
Liberalism

• Favored a republic over a monarchy
• Believed In constitutional government
• Comprised mostly of wealthy middle class business
  owners
• Adherents to the ideas of Adam Smith
• Strongly encouraged economic freedom
• Influenced by the ideals of the enlightenment
• Believed in religious toleration

5
Conservatives

• Favored Monarchies
• Believed in Limited Constitutions
• Supporters came from Landed aristocracy
• Supported positive relations with the Church

6
Nationalism

• Nationalism
• Opposed the ideas of legitimacy upheld at Vienna.
• Preferred that ethnicity be the determining
  factor in the creation of nations
• Language, influenced by the prevalence of print
  culture, became the cornerstone of the
  nationalist movement

7
Nationalism

• Determining Nationhood
• Common language
• Ability to have a sustainable economic, political
  and military system
• Areas of Nationalistic Discontent
• Balkans Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania
• Austrian Empire Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians
• Poland, Ireland, Italian States, German States

8
Conservative Reaction in Britain

• Decline of the Monarchy
• Glorious Revolution of 1688
• William III and Mary II ruled via support from
  Parliament
• Bill of Rights signed granting people individual
  liberties
• Parliament became the driving force in British
  politics

9
Decline of the Monarchy

• The House of Hanover 1714 -1901
• Death of Queen Anne Stuart Dynasty meant the
  royal dynasty went to the German elector of
  Hanover
• George I 1714-27, George II 1727-60
• More concerned with events in Germany, let Prime
  Minister Robert Walpole run the show
• George III 1760-1820, George IV 1820-30,
  William IV 1830-37, Victoria 1837-1901

10
Conservative Reaction in Britain

• Parliamentary Parties
• Tories supporters of the monarchy and
  conservative
• Whigs supporters of Parliament and liberal
• Conservative Politicians began to protect the
  propertied interests by passing Corn Laws 1815
• Poor harvests made agricultural interests take
  drastic measures
• Resented by the common people, made food
  expensive
• Passed the Six Acts 1819
• Forbade large public meetings
• Increased fines for libel
• Speeded up trial for political agitators
• Increased newspaper taxes
• Allowed local officials to search homes

11
Reform in Britain

• Catholic Emancipation
• Test Act of 1673 prohibited Catholics and
  Puritans from holding public office
• Union with Ireland in 1801 resulted in many Irish
  Protestants serving in Parliament
• 1820s Daniel OConnell agitated for Catholic
  emancipation, and won a seat to Parliament but
  could not legally take it. To avoid civil war
  and unrest in Ireland, the Duke of Wellington and
  Sir Robert Peel pushed an emancipation bill
• Great Reform Bill 1832
• Increased the number of voters by 200,000 but far
  from universal suffrage. Still it opened the
  door to further political reform

12
Conservative Reaction In France

• Bourbon Restoration
• Louis XVIII, brother of executed Louis XVI,
  became King
• The Charter of 1814
• Constitutional monarchy with bicameral
  legislature
• Guaranteed most of the declaration of the rights
  of man
• Voting however required a high property
  qualification
• Murder of the duke of Berri, heir to the throne,
  led to repressive measures on the part of the
  monarchy

13
Conservative Reaction in the German States

• German Confederation
• Created in the aftermath of dissolution of the
  Holy Roman Empire
• 39 German states dominated by Austrian leadership
• Austrias ethnic mix forced it to suppress German
  nationalism

14
Conservative Reaction in the German States

• Student Nationalism
• Burschenschaften student associations
• Many former students fought against Napoleon
• Many demanded constitutions and liberalization

15
Conservative Reaction in the German States

• Karl Sand
• German student who assassinated a conservative
  playwright
• Became a martyr
• Carlsbad Decrees
• Metternich pressed the German states to dissolve
  the student groups

16
Nationalism in Spain Latin America

• Bourbon Restoration in Spain
• Ferdinand VII promised to rule via a Constitution
  but failed to do so. Army officers rebelled and
  Ferdinand relented
• Latin American Revolt 1816-1830
• Buenos Aires junta under Jose San Martin
  liberated much of S. America from Spain
• Simon Bolivar liberated Venezuela and most of
  Northern S. America

17
Congress of Troppau

• Led by Tsar Alexander, Russia, Austria, Prussia,
  as well as reps from Britain France met in
  Troppau in 1820 to discuss revolution in Europe
• Protocol of Troppau granted stable government the
  authority to intervene to restore order in
  countries experiencing revolution

18
Revolt in the Ottoman Empire

• Greece
• Revolt against Ottoman control began in 1821
• 1827 Treaty of London, Britain, France Russia
  decided to intervene. British French sent
  naval forces, Russia invaded Rumania
• 1830 Treaty of London made Greece and independent
  kingdom under Otto I 1832-1862, son of the king
  of Bavaria
• Serbia
• Achieved independence in 1830

19
Revolution in France 1830

• Charles X 1824-30
• Wanted to pay aristocrats money for lands lost
  during the revolution
• Restored primogeniture
• Liberals kept winning elections so Charles passed
  the Four Ordinances resulting in a Monarchist
  coup detat
• Restricted freedom of the Press, dissolved the
  Chamber of Deputies, limited the franchise to
  only the very wealthy, and called for new
  Elections
• Parisians went to the barricades
• Kings attempt to regain Paris failed

20
Revolution in France 1830

• Louis Philippe the Orleans Dynasty
• Liberals seize control of the Revolution
• Charles X abdicated on Aug 2 1830.
• Fearing a return of the sans culotte, liberals
  name Louis Philippe, the kings cousin, the new
  King of the French
• New Constitution expanded the right to vote but
  not universal
• Censorship removed
• Economic restrains remained in place for the
  working class
• The Tricolor Flag was restored
• Louis Philippe was coined the Bourgeois King
  for he represented the wealthy and growing
  industrial class.

21
Conservative Reaction in Russia

• Decembrist Revolt 1825
• During the reign of Alexander I 1801-1825
• Army officers were influenced by enlightened
  ideals after occupying France.
• Wanted Reform and revolted after the death of
  Alex I and favored Alexs older brother
  Constantine over his younger brother Nicholas.
• Nicholas crushed the revolt and declared himself
  Tsar
• Nicholas I
• To reinforce his rule Nicholas embraced an
  official nationality where Russians were
  instructed to value Russian culture and accept
  their lot in life.
• Revolt in Poland in 1830, Nicholas put it down
  severely
• Zach Webb was crushed by Mr. Gillespie

22
Perspective

• The Post Napoleonic Era was a conservative
  reaction to the ideals of the French Revolution.
  
• Conservative forces had some measure of success
  but by and large Liberals made successful inroads
  into government and society.
• The union of liberalism and Nationalism would
  play a significant role from 1830 onward.