Christianity vs. Evolution

1
Christianity vs. Evolution

• Can they be reconciled?

2
Introduction

• Charles Darwin (12 Feb 1809 19 April 1882) was
  an English naturalist who believed that all
  species of life have descended over time from
  common ancestors, and proposed the scientific
  theory that this branching pattern of evolution
  resulted from a process that he called natural
  selection.
• He published his theory for evolution in his 1859
  book On the Origin of Species.

3
Introduction

• The scientific community and much of the general
  public came to accept evolution as a fact in his
  lifetime, but it was not until the 1930s to the
  1950s that a broad consensus developed that
  natural selection was the basic mechanism of
  evolution.
• In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery
  is the unifying theory of the life sciences,
  explaining the diversity of life.

4
Effect on Society

• The social effects of evolutionary thought have
  been considerable.
• Because the theory of evolution includes an
  explanation of humanity's origins, it has had a
  profound impact on human societies.
• Its rejection of the Biblical account of Creation
  has led to a vigorous conflict between creation
  and evolution in public education, primarily in
  the United States.

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Effect on Society

• Some single out "Darwinism" as the cause of many,
  if not all, of modern society's ills.
• In the controversial book From Darwin to Hitler
  by Richard Weikart, Weikart claims that
  Darwinism's impact on ethics and morality played
  a key role not only in the rise of eugenics, but
  also in euthanasia, infanticide, abortion, and
  racial extermination, all ultimately embraced by
  the Nazis.

6
Effect on Society

• The notion that humans share ancestors with other
  animals has also affected how some people view
  the relationship between humans and other
  species.
• Many proponents of animal rights hold that if
  animals and humans are of the same nature, then
  rights cannot be distinct to humans.

7
Effect on Religion

• Before Darwin's argument and presentation of the
  evidence for evolution, Western religions
  generally discounted or condemned any claims that
  diversity of life is the result of an
  evolutionary process, as did most scientists in
  the English scientific establishment.
• However, evolution was accepted by some religious
  groups such as the Unitarian church and the
  liberal Anglican theologians who went on to
  publish Essays and Reviews. as well as by many
  scientists in France and Scotland and some in
  England.

8
Effect on Religion

• In response to the wide scientific acceptance of
  the theory of evolution, many religions have
  formally or informally synthesized the scientific
  and religious viewpoints.
• Several important 20th century scientists whose
  work confirmed Darwin's theory, were also
  Christians who saw no incompatibility between
  their experimental and theoretical confirmations
  of evolution and their faith.
• Some religions have adopted a theistic evolution
  viewpoint, where God provides a divine spark
  that ignited the process of evolution and (or),
  where God has guided evolution in one way or
  another.

9
Effect on Religion

• In an October 22, 1996, address to the Pontifical
  Academy of Science, Pope John Paul II stated that
  Evolution is "more than a hypothesis" - "In his
  encyclical Humani Generis, my predecessor Pius
  XII has already affirmed that there is no
  conflict between evolution and the doctrine of
  the faith regarding man and his vocation...
  Today, more than a half-century after the
  appearance of that encyclical, some new findings
  lead us toward the recognition of evolution as
  more than an hypothesis. In fact it is remarkable
  that this theory has had progressively greater
  influence on the spirit of researchers, following
  a series of discoveries in different scholarly
  disciplines."

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Arguments against Evolution

• Life Science
• Astronomical Physical Science
• Earth Science

11
Life Science
12
Macro vs Micro Evolution

• Macroevolution - A naturally occurring,
  beneficial change that produces increasing and
  inheritable complexity. Increased complexity
  would be shown if the offspring of one form of
  life had a different and improved set of vital
  organs.
• Microevolution, on the other hand, does not
  involve increasing complexity. It involves
  changes only in size, shape, or color, or minor
  genetic alterations caused by a few mutations.
• Microevolution can be thought of as horizontal
  (or even downward) change, whereas
  macroevolution, if it were ever observed, would
  involve an upward, beneficial change in
  complexity.
• Ever since Darwin, evolutionists have made
  excuses for why the world and our fossil museums
  are not overflowing with intermediates.

13
Law of Biogenesis

• Spontaneous generation (the emergence of life
  from nonliving matter) has never been observed.
  All observations have shown that life comes only
  from life.
• This has been observed so consistently it is
  called the law of biogenesis. The theory of
  evolution conflicts with this scientific law when
  claiming that life came from nonliving matter
  through natural processes.

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Acquired Characteristics

• Characteristics gained after birth cannot be
  inherited
• For example, large muscles acquired by a man in a
  weight-lifting program cannot be inherited by his
  child.
• Nor did giraffes get long necks because their
  ancestors stretched to reach high leaves.
• While almost all evolutionists agree that
  acquired characteristics cannot be inherited,
  many unconsciously slip into this false belief.
• New genetic traits are not created instead, the
  environment can switch on genetic machinery
  already present. The marvel is that optimal
  genetic machinery already exists to handle some
  contingencies, not that time, the environment, or
  a need can produce the machinery.

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Mendels Laws

• Mendels laws of genetics and their modern-day
  refinements explain almost all physical
  variations occurring within species.
• Mendel discovered that genes are merely
  reshuffled from one generation to another.
• Different combinations are formed, not different
  genes.
• The different combinations produce many
  variations within each kind of life, but there
  are limits to such variation.
• Breeding experiments and common observations also
  confirm these boundaries.

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Bounded Variations

• If evolution occurred, organisms that quickly
  produce the most offspring (such as bacteria)
  should have the most variations and mutations.
• Natural selection would then select the more
  favorable changes, allowing organisms with those
  traits to survive, reproduce, and pass on their
  beneficial genes.
• Therefore, organisms that have allegedly evolved
  the most should have short reproduction cycles
  and many offspring.
• We see the opposite. In general, more complex
  organisms, such as humans, have fewer offspring
  and longer reproduction cycles. Again, variations
  within organisms appear to be bounded.

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Mutation

• Mutations are the only known means by which new
  genetic material becomes available for evolution.
• Rarely, if ever, is a mutation beneficial to an
  organism in its natural environment.
• Almost all observable mutations are harmful some
  are meaningless many are lethal.
• No known mutation has ever produced a form of
  life having greater complexity and viability than
  its ancestors.

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Complex Molecules and Organs

• Many molecules necessary for life, such as DNA,
  RNA, and proteins, are incredibly complexso
  complex that claims they have evolved are absurd.
  Furthermore, those claims lack experimental
  support.
• There is no reason to believe that mutations or
  any natural process could ever produce any new
  organsespecially those as complex as the eye,
  the ear, or the brain.
• For example, an adult human brain contains over
  1014 (a hundred thousand billion) electrical
  connections, more than all the soldered
  electrical connections in the world.
• The human heart, a ten-ounce pump that will
  operate without maintenance or lubrication for
  about 75 years, is another engineering marvel.

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Fully-Developed Organs

• All species appear fully developed, not partly
  developed.
• There are no examples of half-developed feathers,
  eyes, skin, tubes (arteries, veins, intestines,
  etc.), or any of the vital organs (dozens in
  humans alone).
• If a leg of a reptile were to evolve into a wing
  of a bird, it would become a bad leg long before
  it became a good wing

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Extraterrestrial Life?

• No verified form of life which originated outside
  of earth has ever been observed.
• If life evolved on earth, one would expect that
  the elaborate experiments sent to the Moon and
  Mars might have detected at least simple forms of
  life (such as microbes) that differ in some
  respects from life on earth.
• Many people, including Carl Sagan, predicted the
  Viking landers would find life on Mars.
• Sophisticated tests on Martian soil samples did
  not find even a trace of life.

21
Language

• Children as young as 7 months can understand and
  learn grammatical rules.
• Furthermore, studies of 36 documented cases of
  children raised without human contact (feral
  children) show that language is learned only from
  other humans humans do not automatically speak.
  So, the first humans must have been endowed with
  a language ability. There is no evidence
  language evolved.
• If language evolved, the earliest languages
  should be the simplest. But language studies show
  that the more ancient the language (for example
  Latin, 200 B.C. Greek, 800 B.C. Linear B, 1200
  B.C. and Vedic Sanskrit, 1500 B.C.), the more
  complex it is with respect to syntax, case,
  gender, mood, voice, tense, verb form, and
  inflection.

22
Vestigial Organs

• Some structures in humans were once thought to
  have no function but to have been derived from
  functioning organs in claimed evolutionary
  ancestors.
• They were called vestigial organs. As medical
  knowledge has increased, at least some function
  has been discovered for all alleged vestigial
  organs.
• For example, the human appendix was once
  considered a useless remnant from our
  evolutionary past. The appendix seems to play a
  role in antibody production and protects part of
  the intestine from infections and tumor growths.

23
Two-Celled Life?

• Many single-celled forms of life exist, but no
  known forms of animal life have 2, 3, 4, or 5
  cells.
• Known forms of life with 620 cells are
  parasites, so they must have a complex animal as
  a host to provide such functions as respiration
  and digestion.
• If macroevolution happened, one should find many
  transitional forms of life with 220
  cellsfilling the gap between one-celled and
  many-celled organisms.

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Rapid Burial

• Fossils all over the world show evidence of rapid
  burial. Normally, dead animals and plants
  quickly decompose.
• Compressed fossils and fossils that cut across
  two or more layers of sedimentary rock, are
  strong evidence that the sediments encasing these
  fossils were deposited rapidlynot over hundreds
  of millions of years.
• Furthermore, almost all sediments that formed
  todays rocks were sorted by water. The worldwide
  fossil record is, therefore, evidence of rapid
  death and burial of animal and plant life by a
  worldwide, catastrophic flood.  The fossil record
  is not evidence of slow change.

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Missing Trunk

• The evolutionary tree has no trunk. In what
  evolutionists call the earliest part of the
  fossil record (generally the lowest sedimentary
  layers of Cambrian rock), life appears suddenly,
  full-blown, complex, diversified, and
  dispersedworldwide.
• Evolution predicts that minor variations should
  slowly accumulate, eventually becoming major
  categories of organisms. Instead, the opposite is
  found. Almost all of todays plant and animal
  phylaincluding flowering plants, vascular
  plants, and vertebratesappear at the base of the
  fossil record.
• In fact, many more phyla are found in the
  Cambrian than exist today. Complex species, such
  as fish, worms, corals, trilobites, jellyfish,
  sponges, mollusks, and brachiopods appear
  suddenly, with no sign anywhere on earth of
  gradual development from simpler forms.
• Insects, a class comprising four-fifths of all
  known animal species (living and extinct), have
  no known evolutionary ancestors.
• The fossil record does not support evolution.

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Out-of-Place Fossils

• Frequently, fossils are not vertically sequenced
  in the assumed evolutionary order.
• For example, in Uzbekistan, 86 consecutive
  hoofprints of horses were found in rocks dating
  back to the dinosaurs.
• A leading authority on the Grand Canyon published
  photographs of horselike hoofprints visible in
  rocks that, according to the theory of evolution,
  predate hoofed animals by more than 100 million
  years.

27
Ape-Men?

• For over a century, studies of skulls and teeth
  have produced unreliable conclusions about mans
  origin. Also, fossil evidence allegedly
  supporting human evolution is fragmentary and
  open to other interpretations. Fossil evidence
  showing the evolution of chimpanzees, supposedly
  the closest living relative to humans, is
  nonexistent.
• Stories claiming that fossils of primitive,
  apelike men have been found are overstated.
• It is now universally acknowledged that Piltdown
  man was a hoax, yet Piltdown man was in
  textbooks for more than 40 years.
• Before 1977, evidence for Ramapithecus was a mere
  handful of teeth and jaw fragments. We now know
  these fragments were pieced together incorrectly
  by Louis Leakeye and others into a form
  resembling part of the human jaw. Ramapithecus
  was just an ape.

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Ramapithecus
29
Ape-Men?

• The only remains of Nebraska man turned out to
  be a pigs tooth.
• Forty years after he discovered Java man,
  Eugene Dubois conceded that it was not a man, but
  was similar to a large ape. In citing evidence to
  support this new conclusion, Dubois admitted that
  he had withheld parts of four other thigh bones
  of apes found in the same area.
• For about 100 years the world was led to believe
  that Neanderthal man was stooped and apelike.
  This false idea was based upon some Neanderthals
  with bone diseases such as arthritis and rickets.
  Recent dental and x-ray studies of Neanderthals
  suggest that they were humans who matured at a
  slower rate and lived to be much older than
  people today. Neanderthal man, Heidelberg man,
  and Cro-Magnon man are now considered completely
  human. Artists drawings of ape-men, especially
  their fleshy portions, are often quite
  imaginative and are not supported by the
  evidence.

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Pigs Tooth (Nebraska man)
31
Fossil Man

• Bones of modern-looking humans have been found
  deep in undisturbed rocks that, according to
  evolution, were formed long before man began to
  evolve.
• Examples include the Castenedolo skeletons,
  Recks skeleton, and others.
• Remains such as the Swanscombe skull, the
  Steinheim fossil, and the Vertesszöllos fossil
  present similar problems. Evolutionists almost
  always ignore these remains.

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Oxygen problem

• No evolutionary theory has been able to explain
  why earths atmosphere has so much oxygen. Too
  many substances should have absorbed oxygen on an
  evolving earth.
• Besides, if the early earth had oxygen in its
  atmosphere, compounds (called amino acids) needed
  for life to evolve would have been destroyed by
  oxidation.
• But if there had been no oxygen, there would have
  been no ozone (a form of oxygen) in the upper
  atmosphere. Without ozone to shield the earth,
  the suns ultraviolet radiation would quickly
  destroy life.
• The only known way for both ozone and life to be
  here is for both to come into existence
  simultaneouslyin other words, by creation.

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Barriers, Buffers, and Chemical Pathways

• Living cells contain thousands of different
  chemicals, some acidic, others basic.
• Many chemicals would react with others were it
  not for an intricate system of chemical barriers
  and buffers. If living things evolved, these
  barriers and buffers must also have evolvedbut
  at just the right time to prevent harmful
  chemical reactions.
• How could such precise, seemingly coordinated,
  virtually miraculous events have happened for
  each of millions of species?

34
The Elephant in the Living Room

• Writer George V. Caylor interviewed Sam, a
  molecular biologist. George asked Sam about his
  work. Sam said he and his team were scientific
  detectives, working with DNA and tracking down
  the cause of disease. Here is their published
  conversation.
• G Sounds like pretty complicated work.
• S You cant imagine how complicated!
• G Try me.
• S Im a bit like an editor, trying to find a
  spelling mistake inside a document larger than
  four complete sets of Encyclopedia Britannica.
  Seventy volumes, thousands and thousands of pages
  of small print words.
• G With the computer power, you can just use
  spell check!
• S There is no spell check because we dont
  know yet how the words are supposed to be
  spelled. We dont even know for sure which
  language. And its not just the spelling error
  were looking for. If any of the punctuation is
  out of place, or a space out of place, or a
  grammatical error, we have a mutation that will
  cause a disease.

35
The Elephant in the Living Room

• G So how do you do it?
• S We are learning as we go. We have already
  read over two articles in that encyclopedia,
  and located some typos. It should get easier
  as time goes by.
• G How did all that information happen to get
  there?
• S Do you mean, did it just happen? Did it
  evolve?
• G Bingo. Do you believe that the information
  evolved?
• S George, nobody I know in my profession truly
  believes it evolved. It was engineered by genius
  beyond genius, and such information could not
  have been written any other way. The paper and
  ink did not write the book. Knowing what we know,
  it is ridiculous to think otherwise. A bit like
  Neil Armstrong believing the moon is made of
  green cheese. He's been there!
• G Have you ever stated that in a public
  lecture, or in any public writings?

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The Elephant in the Living Room

• S No. It all just evolved.
• G What?
• S Just stop right there. To be a molecular
  biologist requires one to hold on to two
  insanities at all times. One, it would be insane
  to believe in evolution when you can see the
  truth for yourself. Two, it would be insane to
  say you dont believe in evolution. All
  government work, research grants, papers, big
  college lectureseverything would stop. Id be
  out of a job, or relegated to the outer fringes
  where I couldnt earn a decent living.
• G I hate to say it, Sam, but that sounds
  intellectually dishonest.
• S The work I do in genetic research is
  honorable. We will find the cures to many of
  mankinds worst diseases. But in the meantime, we
  have to live with the elephant in the living
  room.
• G What elephant?
• S Design. Its like the elephant in the living
  room. It moves around, takes up an enormous
  amount of space, loudly trumpets, bumps into us,
  knocks things over, eats a ton of hay, and smells
  like an elephant. And yet we have to swear it
  isnt there!

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Improbabilities

• To claim that life evolved is to demand a
  miracle. The simplest conceivable form of
  single-celled life should have at least 600
  different protein molecules.
• The mathematical probability that even one
  typical protein could form by chance arrangements
  of amino acid sequences is essentially zerofar
  less than 1 in 10450. To appreciate the magnitude
  of 10450, realize that the visible universe is
  about 1028 inches in diameter.
• From another perspective, suppose we packed the
  entire visible universe with a simple form of
  life, such as bacteria. Next, suppose we broke
  all their chemical bonds, mixed all their atoms,
  then let them form new links. If this were
  repeated a billion times a second for 20 billion
  years under the most favorable temperature and
  pressure conditions throughout the visible
  universe, would even one bacterium of any type
  reemerge? The chances are much less than one in
  1099,999,999,873.
• Your chances of randomly drawing one preselected
  atom out of a universe packed with atoms are
  about one chance in 10112much better.

38
Life Science Conclusions

• When Darwin published The Origin of Species in
  1859, the evolutionary tree had only a few
  gaps. Believers in his new theory thought that
  these gaps would be filled as scientific
  knowledge increased. Just the opposite has
  happened. As science has progressed, these
  missing links have multiplied enormously, and
  the obstacles to bridging these gaps have
  become even more obvious.
• For example, in Darwins day, all life fell into
  two categories (or kingdoms) animals and plants.
  Today, it is generally accepted that life falls
  into five radically different kingdoms, of which
  animals and plants comprise only two.
• In Darwins day, a cell was thought to be about
  as simple as a ping-pong ball.

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Astronomical Physical Sciences
40
Earth The Water Planet

• The amount of water on Earth greatly exceeds that
  known on or within any other planet in the solar
  system. Liquid water, which is essential for life
  to survive, has unique and amazing properties it
  covers 70 of Earths surface. Where did all
  Earths water come from?
• If the Earth and solar system evolved from a
  swirling cloud of dust and gas, almost no water
  would reside near Earths present orbit. Any
  water (liquid or ice) that close to the Sun would
  vaporize and be blown by solar wind to the outer
  reaches of the solar system, as we see happening
  with water vapor in the tails of comets.

41
Molten Earth?

• For decades, textbooks have taught that the early
  Earth was molten for 500,000,000 years, because
  it formed by meteoritic bombardment.
• Had Earth ever been molten, dense, nonreactive
  chemical elements such as gold would have sunk to
  Earths core. Gold is 70 denser than lead, yet
  is found at the Earths surface.
• Radioactive dating of certain zircon minerals
  also contradicts a molten Earth. Trace elements
  within those zircons show that the zircons formed
  on a cold Earth (less than 212F). However,
  based on radioactive dating, those zircons formed
  on an extremely young Earth, when, according to
  evolutionists, it should have been molten
  (exceeding 1,800F)an obvious contradiction.

42
Evolving Planets?

• Contrary to popular opinion, planets should not
  form from just the mutual gravitational
  attraction of particles orbiting the Sun.
• Orbiting particles are much more likely to be
  scattered or expelled by their gravitational
  attraction than they are to be permanently pulled
  together. Experiments have shown that colliding
  particles almost always fragment rather than
  stick together.

43
Evolution of the Solar System?

• Evolutionists claim that the solar system
  condensed out of a vast cloud of swirling dust
  about 4,600,000,000 years ago.
• If so, many particles that were not swept up as
  part of a planet should now be spiraling in
  toward the Sun.
• Colliding asteroids also would create dust
  particles that, over millions of years, would
  spiral in toward the Sun.
• Particles should still be falling into the Suns
  upper atmosphere, burning up, and giving off an
  easily measured infrared glow.
• Measurements taken during the solar eclipse of 11
  July 1991 showed no such glow.

44
Faint Young Sun

• If, as evolutionists teach, the solar system
  evolved from a spinning cloud of dust and gas 4.5
  billion years ago, the slowly condensing Sun
  would have radiated 2530 less heat during its
  first 600 million years than it radiates today.
• A drop in the Suns radiation of only a few
  percent would freeze all our oceans.
• Had this happened anytime in the past, let alone
  for 600 million years, the ices mirrorlike
  surfaces would have reflected more of the Suns
  radiation into outer space, cooling Earth even
  more in a permanent, runaway deep-freeze. If it
  had, all agree that life could not have evolved.

45
Big Bang?

• For decades, big bang theorists said that the
  amount of mass in a rapidly expanding universe
  must be enough to prevent all matter from flying
  apart otherwise, matter could not come together
  to form stars and galaxies. Estimates of the
  universes actual mass always fell far short of
  that minimum amount.
• This missing mass is often called dark matter,
  because no one could see it or even detect it.
  Actually, missing mass had to be created to
  preserve the big bang theory. The medias
  frequent reference to dark matter enshrined it
  in the publics consciousness, much like the
  supposed missing link between apes and man.
• Neither dark matter (created to hold the
  universe together) nor dark energy (created to
  push the universe apart) has been seen or
  measured. We are told that most of the universe
  is composed of invisible dark matter and dark
  energy. Few realize that both mystical concepts
  were devised to preserve the big bang theory.

46
Index Fossils

• In the early 1800s, some observers in Western
  Europe noticed that certain fossils are usually
  preserved in sedimentary rock layers that, when
  traced laterally, typically lie above somewhat
  similar fossils. Decades later, after the theory
  of evolution was proposed, many concluded that
  the lower organism must have evolved before the
  upper organism.
• Geologic ages were then associated with each of
  these index fossils. Those ages were extended
  to other animals and plants buried in the same
  layer as the index fossil. For example, a
  coelacanth fossil, an index fossil, dates its
  layer at 70,000,000 to 400,000,000 years old.
• The discovery of living coelacanths was then
  unexpected

47
Coelacanth

• Thought to have been extinct for 70,000,000
  years, the coelacanth was first caught in 1938,
  deep in the Indian Ocean, northwest of
  Madagascar. Hundreds more were caught and sold.
  In 1998, they were also found off the coast of
  Indonesia.
• Before coelacanths were caught, evolutionists
  incorrectly believed that the coelacanth had
  lungs, a large brain, and four bottom fins about
  to evolve into legs.
• Evolutionists reasoned that the coelacanth, or a
  similar fish, crawled out of a shallow sea and
  filled its lungs with air, becoming the first
  four-legged land animal. Millions of students
  have been incorrectly taught that this fish was
  the ancestor of all amphibians, reptiles,
  dinosaurs, birds, and mammals, including people.

48
Radiometric Dating

• To date an event or thing that preceded written
  records, one must assume that the dating clock
  has operated at a known rate, that the clocks
  initial setting is known, and that the clock has
  not been disturbed. These three assumptions are
  almost always unstated, overlooked, or invalid.
• For the past century, a major (but incorrect)
  assumption underlying all radioactive dating
  techniques has been that decay rates, which have
  been essentially constant over the past 100
  years, have also been constant over the past
  4,600,000,000 years. Unfortunately, few have
  questioned this huge and critical assumption.

49
Human Artifacts

• At various times and places, man-made objects
  have been found encased in coal. Examples include
  a thimble, an iron pot, an iron instrument, an
  8-karat gold chain, three throwing-spears, and a
  metallic vessel inlaid with silver.
• Other out-of-place artifacts have been found
  inside deeply buried rocks nails, a screw, a
  strange coin, a tiny ceramic doll, and other
  objects of obvious human manufacture.
• By evolutionary dating techniques, these objects
  would be hundreds of millions of years older than
  man. Again, something is wrong.

50
River Sediments

• More than 27 billion tons of river sediments
  enter the oceans each year. Probably the rate of
  sediment transport was much greater in the past
  as the looser topsoil was removed and as erosion
  smoothed out Earths terrain.
• Even if erosion has been constant, the sediments
  now on the ocean floor would have accumulated in
  only 30 million years. No process has been
  proposed which can remove 27 billion tons of
  ocean sediments each year. So, the oceans cannot
  be hundreds of millions of years old.
• If the Colorado River carved the Grand Canyon
  over millions of years, where is the large river
  delta?

51
Dissolved Metals

• Rivers carry dissolved elements such as copper,
  gold, lead, mercury, nickel, silicon, sodium,
  tin, and uranium into the oceans at very rapid
  rates when compared with the small quantities of
  these elements already in the oceans.
• In other words, far fewer than a million years
  worth of metals are dissolved in the oceans.
  There is no known means by which large amounts of
  these elements can come out of solution.
  Therefore, the oceans must be much younger than a
  million years.

52
Rapid Cooling

• If the Earth began in a molten state, it would
  have cooled to its present condition in much less
  than 4.5 billion years. This conclusion holds
  even if one makes liberal assumptions about the
  amount of heat generated by radioactive decay
  within Earth.
• The known temperature pattern inside Earth is
  consistent only with a young Earth.

53
Moon Dust and Debris

• If the Moon were billions of years old, it should
  have accumulated a thick layer of dust and debris
  from meteoritic bombardment. Before instruments
  were placed on the Moon, some scientists were
  very concerned that astronauts would sink into a
  sea of dustpossibly a mile in thickness.
• This did not happen. Very little meteoritic
  debris is on the Moon. In fact, after examining
  rocks and dust brought back from the Moon,
  scientists learned that only about 1/67 of the
  dust and debris came from outer space. Recent
  measurements of the influx rate of meteoritic
  material on the Moon also do not support an old
  Moon.

54
Physical Sciences Conclusion

• All dating techniques, especially the few that
  suggest vast ages, presume that a process
  observed today has proceeded at a known, but not
  necessarily constant, rate. This assumption may
  be grossly inaccurate. Projecting present
  processes and rates far back in time is more
  likely to produce errors than extrapolation over
  a much shorter time. Furthermore, a much better
  understanding usually exists for dating clocks
  that show a young Earth and a young universe.

55
Earth Sciences Evidence for a Global Flood
56
Water above Mountains?

• Is there enough water on the earth to cover all
  mountains at the time of Noah.
• Yes. If the solid earth were perfectly smooth,
  the water depth would be about 9,000 feet
  everywhere.

57
Shells on Mountains

• Every major mountain range on earth contains
  fossilized sea lifefar above sea level and
  usually far from the nearest body of water.
  Attempts to explain shells on mountaintops have
  generated controversy for centuries.

58
Flood Legends

• Almost every ancient culture had legends telling
  of a traumatic flood in which only a few humans
  survived in a large boat. This cannot be said
  for other types of catastrophes, such as
  earthquakes, fires, volcanic eruptions, disease,
  famines, or drought. More than 230 flood legends
  contain many common elements, suggesting they
  have a common historical source that left a vivid
  impression on survivors of that catastrophe.
• Classical Chinese, dating to about 2500 B.C., is
  one of the oldest languages known. Its words,
  called pictographs, are often composed of smaller
  symbols that themselves have meaning and together
  tell a story. For example, the classical Chinese
  word for boat, shown above, is composed of the
  symbols for vessel, eight, and mouth or
  person. Why would the ancient Chinese refer to
  a boat as eight-person-vessel? How many people
  were on the Ark?

59
Was There Room?

• Could the Ark have held all the animals?
• Yes. The ark could hold representatives of every
  air-breathing land animalperhaps 16,000 animals
  in all. (Of course, sea creatures did not need to
  be on the Ark. Nor did insects or amphibians.
  Only mammals, birds, reptiles, and humans).
• The Ark, having at least 1,500,000 cubic feet of
  space, was adequate to hold these animals, their
  provisions, and all their other needs for one
  year.

60
Ark in a Football Stadium
61
Conclusion

• We have discussed several inconsistencies in the
  theory of evolution on the basis of life science,
  physical science, and earth science.
• The theory of evolution is not an immutable fact,
  and there is much evidence to believe that is
  false even without resorting to religious
  arguments.