The Vertebrates

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The Vertebrates
Animals with backbones!
Study guide page 1
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1. Taxonomy

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Urochordata 2000 sea squirts squirt
  out water when touched,
• sessile, filter feeders
• with a notochord and dorsal nerve cord

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Phylum Chordata

• Subphylum Cephalochordata
• example Lancelots
• they stayed buried in the sand with only the
  head protruding.
• Have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord and gill
  slits

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Phylum Chordata

• Subphylum Vertebrata
• 41,000 species. Named for the vertebrae, the
  bones or cartilage that surround the dorsal nerve
  cord.

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Class Agnatha the jawless fishes
• Class Chondrichthyes
• cartilage skeletons
• ex sharks
• Class Osteichthyes
• bony fishes

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Class Amphibians frogs, toads, salamanders
• Class Reptiles lizards, snakes, turtles

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Class Aves (birds)
• warm-blooded
• Class Mammals
• warm-blooded

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2. Phylum Chordata

• All chordates have
• 1. Notochord a firm but flexible band of cells
  along the back
• 2. Dorsal Nerve cord
• a hollow tube above the notochord

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• 3. Pharyngeal Pouches
• outpockets of the anterior gut

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3. Subphylum Vertebrata.

• Biological Supremacy
• Vertebrae bones or cartilage surrounding the
  nerve cord
• 2. Skull protects the brain

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3. Subphylum Vertebrata

• 3. Axial skeleton
• skull and back
• Appendicular
• skeleton limbs
• 4. Well developed systems, separate sexes

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Subphylum Vertebrata

• Increased adaptation for life on the land
• 6. Shift from indirect to direct development

Green Frog Tadpole
Example of indirect development
Painted Turtle Example of direct development
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• 7. Greater number of chambers in the heart
• 8. Larger and larger cerebrums.
• (humansgiant brains!!)

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4. The Fish Classes

• Class Agnathajawless
• lampreys and hagfish. Lampreys
• are adapted for sucking blood and fluids of
  other fish

Page 2 in study guide
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The Fish Classes

• 2. Class Chondrichthyes
• sharks, skates and rays. Skeletons of
  cartilage. Almost all live in salt water.

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The Fish Classes

• 3. Class Osteichythes
• Make up 95 of all fish.
• Bony skeletons. They make up most of the
  vertebrate populations in fresh and salt water.

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5. Adaptations for life in the water.

• 1. Gills covered by the operculum
• 2. Fins steer, brake, move up and down
• 3. Scales point towards the tail to minimize
  friction
• 4. Swim-Bladder a
• gas-sac for bouyancy

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5. Class Amphibia

• Class Amphibia frogs,toads, salamanders,
  caecilians. Have smooth, moist skin with no
  scales.

Green tree frog
Blue-spotted salamander
caecilian
Tiger salamander
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a. Characteristics

• 1. Cold-blooded Their body temperature rises
  with that of the surrounding environment. Many
  amphibians enter a state of dormancy.

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• 2. Undergo metamorphosis
• change from a herbivore, fishlike tadpole with
  gills, and, a two chambered heart, to a frog
  with legs,teeth, lungs, and a three chambered
  heart

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6. Class Reptilia.

• Turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes.
• a. The first verts to make a complete transition
  to the dry land.

Painted turtle
rattlesnake
iguana
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• b. The Age of the Reptile The Mesozoic Era.
  225-65 mya. Dinosaur terrible lizard. Largest
  Brachiosaurus.long as a tennis court, tall as a
  4-story building, heavier than 10 elepants

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• Dinosaurs dominated all life.
• a. Extinction due to
• cosmic event (asteroid) or continental drift.
• Paleontologist Robert Bakker believes they were
  warm-blooded.

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c. Adaptations to land.

• a. Amniotic Egg small pond. Shell is waterproof,
  gases will diffuse in and out.

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• 2. Scales keeps water
• Inside, made of keratin.
• (same protein as human
• fingernails and bird feathers)

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• 3. Claws for climbing, digging and defense.
• 4. Lungs respiration on the dry land

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• 3. 3 or 4 chambered heart. Most have 3
• Chambered. Alligators and crocodiles have a
  4-chambered.
• 4-chambered is most efficient at getting blood
  to cells.

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• 6. Exothermic cold-blooded, temp adjusts to
  surrounding environment.

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7. Class Aves. Birds

• Great Success Due to
• 1. flight
• 2. endothermy

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• Evolved from Reptiles
• 1. Archaeopteryx
• ancient-wing
• may represent an evolutionary link between
  reptiles and birds

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• Features of Birds,
• 1. feathers
• 2. thin, hollow bones
• 3. forelimbs function as wings
• 4. hind limbs with clawed toes

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• 5. toothless, horny beak
• 6. warm-blooded
• 7. four-chambered heart

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• 8. amniotic eggs encased in hard, calcium
  containing shells
• 9. in most species eggs are incubated in
• A nest

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8. Class Mammalia. Dominant Land Vertebrates

• A. Evolved from reptiles called therapsids

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• Reptile like jaw of
• five bones rather than the single jawbone
  characteristic of mammals

Mammal jaw. What mammal is this from? Hint
famous fur
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• 2. Mammal like skeleton
• allowing them to be efficient 4-footed runners.
  Also endothermic

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• B. Survived competition with dinosaurs by being
  nocturnal and eating insects

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• C. End of Cretaceous
• dinosaurs became
• extinct. This opened up new habitats for
  mammals.

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D. Characteristics

• endothermic warm-blooded
• 2. Hair
• 3. 4-chambered heart
• 4. Diaphragm muscle that aids in breathing

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5. Single Lower jawbone-4 types of teeth

• Incisors sharp, front teeth
• Canines tearing and shredding. Found in
  carnivores
• 3. Bicuspids 2 points.
• shredding and chewing
• 4. Molars. Flat, grinding

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Canine teeth
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• 6. Most are viviparous
• give birth to live young
• 7. Females secrete milk
• 8. Highly developed brain

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• 3.