Overview of Vertebrates

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Overview of Vertebrates

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata (Lancelets, tunicates)
• Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
• Class Myxini
• Class Cephalaspidomorphi
• Class Chondrichthyes
• Class Osteichthyes
• Class Amphibia
• Class Reptilia
• Class Aves
• Class Mammalia

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Classes of Vertebrates

• Class Myxini
• Class Cephalaspidomorphi
• Class Chondrichthyes
• Class Osteichthyes
• Class Amphibia
• Class Reptilia
• Class Aves
• Class Mammalia

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Chordates

• At some point during development, members of this
  phylum MUST exhibit these characteristics
• Basic Characteristics
• Notochord develops into the skeleton
• Pharyngeal Pouches (Gill slits) develops into
  gills in aquatic vertebrates jaws/inner
  ear/nostrils in terrestrial vertebrates
• Dorsal Nerve cord develops into the spinal cord
  and brain
• Post-anal tail can contain bone and muscle
• 5. Ancestral thyroid gland regulates
  metabolism, growth and development

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• Page 803

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Non-vertebrate Chordates

• 2 Sub-Phyla Tunicates and Lancelets (aquatic)
• Tunicates (sea squirts) 1,250 species

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• Lancelets 23 species

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Fish

• Characteristics
• Aquatic Vertebrates exhibit
• 1. Paired fins
• 2. Scales
• 3. Gills (most)
• 4. 2 Chambered Heart
• 1 atrium 1 ventricle
• 5. Carnivores, herbivores,
• omnivores, parasites, filter feeders

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Lungfish

• Live in Australia, Africa, South America
• These areas have wet and dry seasons
• During dry season
• They burrow into mud
• Secrete slime that mixes with mud to create
  cocoon
• Gulps air

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Fish

• Class Myxini and Cephalaspidomorphi
• Jawless Fish - NO JAWS!
• Characteristics
• Eel shaped body
• Cartilaginous skeleton
• No fins or jaws
• Filter Feeders/Parasites
• Examples
• Myxini Hagfish
• Cephalaspidomorphi Lamprey

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Hagfish
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Lamprey
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Fish

• Class Chondrichthyes
• Cartilage Fish
• Basic Characteristics
• Skeleton made of cartilage
• Placoid scales
• Jaws present
• Examples sharks, skates, rays

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Whale Shark
Caribbean Reef Shark
Bull Shark
Great White caught off shore of Ragland, NZ
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Blue Spotted Ray
Eagle Ray
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Skates Rays

• Lay eggs in Mermaids purse
• Do not have barbed tails
• Only saltwater

• Live birth
• Barbed tails
• Fresh and salt water

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Fish

• Class Osteichthyes
• Bony Fish
• Basic Characteristics
• Skeleton made of bone
• Skin with scales
• Jaws present
• 4. Examples Bass, Perch, Tuna..

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Coelacanth

• Thought to be extinct for 70 million years
• Found near Comoro Islands (north of Madagascar)
  in 1938
• Since then, fisherman occasionally catch them at
  great depths
• Cant keep them alive more than a few hours after
  capture

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Class Amphibia

• Basic Characteristics
• Smooth, moist skin with NUMEROUS mucus glands
• Gills, lungs pulmonary respiration
• Skin - cutaneous respiration
• 3. Lacks scales and claws
• 4. Rely upon water for reproduction
• Metamorphosis
• Larval stage aquatic Adult - terrestrial
• Larvae 2 chambered heart
• Adults 3 chambered heart
• Examples Salamanders, Toads, Frogs, Caecilians,
  Newt

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Coqui Bullfrog
Newt salamander
Caecilian
Poison Dart Frog
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Frog

• External Anatomy
• Tympanum ear drum
• Nictitating membrane protective eyelid

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Frog

• Internal Anatomy

Cloaca removal of waste and gametes
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Amphibian Reproduction

• Amphibians must lay their eggs in water since the
  eggs lack a protective outer membrane
• External fertilization and development for most
  amphibians.
• Metamorphosis

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Class Reptilia

• Basic Characteristics
• Dry, scaly skin
• Amniotic egg
• Internal fertilization
• Some with claws and limbs
• 3 chambered heart 2 atria, 1 ventricle or 4
  chambered heart (crocodiles and alligators)
• Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
• Respiration through lungs only
• Examples snakes, lizards, tuatara, turtles,
  alligators

Like Humans!
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Monitor lizard Sea turtle
Milk snake Iguana
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Gecko
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Iguana
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Chameleon
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Crocodiles/Alligators Eyes nostrils are
arranged on top of head allowing them to breathe
and see
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• Turtles
• Shell parts - Carapace dorsal Plastron
  ventral

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Reptiles

• Snakes
• Jacobsons organ - detects food through
  scents
• Infrared sensors in pit (pit vipers)- detect
  heat
• Venom
• 1) Hemotoxin (attack circulatory system)
• 2) Neurotoxin (attacks nervous system)
• No ear openings or eye-lids. Use ventral side
  of body for sensory info.

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Tuatara
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Reproduction

• Internal fertilization sperm injected via the
  cloaca
• Most reptiles lay eggs
• - Oviparous lay eggs
• - Ovoviviparous eggs stay in body after
  internal fertilization and are born alive
• - Viviparous give live birth (rattlesnakes,
  garter snakes)

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45 of skinks are ovoviviparous
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Reptilian Egg

Blandings Turtle (Nova Scotia)
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Class Aves Birds

• Basic Characteristics
• Feathers contour (flight) and downy (insulation)
• Endothermic (warm-blooded)
• Beaks and no teeth
• Skeleton is made of hollow bones
• 4 Chambered heart
• Claws and scales on feet
• Amniotic egg encased with calcium
• Parental care (most species) and nest building
• Classify birds based on colorations, flight
  patterns,
• calls, nests, etc.

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Peregrine falcon
African gray parrot Great horned owl
Blue heron
Peahen and peacock
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Birds feathers

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Archaeopteryx earliest bird (had reptilian and
bird like characteristics
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Internal Anatomy of Birds

• Digestion crop and gizzard
• Waste product - uric acid

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Class Mammalia

• Basic Characteristics
• Hair or fur
• Females possess mammary glands
• 4 chambered heart
• Endothermic
• 3 groups of mammals monotremes, marsupials, and
  placentals

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Monotremes

• Oviparous Lay eggs
• Female incubates eggs once laid
• Examples Duck billed platypus and Spiny Anteater
  (Echidna)

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Marsupials

• 1. Viviparous
• 2. Young complete development inside pouch
• 3. Examples kangaroo, koala, opossum, wallabee

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Albino wallabee in pouch
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Placentals

• Viviparous
• Young are nourished by a placenta
• 95 of all mammals
• Gestation period of time in which young develops
  in mothers uterus
• (ex. 22 months for elephant, 21 days for mouse)
• 5. Diverse group land, air, water

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