SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATES

1

• SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATES
• 1. 99 of all chordates
• 2. Contain a supporting backbone called a
  vertebral column (replaces the notochord during
  embryo development)
• 3. Spinal cord in vertebral column
• 4. vertebral column
• a. grows with the vertebrate (doesnt have
  to be shed)
• b. contains living cells that make materials
  for the skeleton
• c. supports and protects the animals body
• d. provides a place for muscle attachment

2

• 5. Class Agnatha
• a. jawless fish (mouths are open all the
  time)
• b. oldest class of fish
• c. skeletons made of cartilage
• d. mostly parasitic
• e. ex hagfish and lamprey
• f. ectothermic (cold blooded)

3
(No Transcript)
4

• 6. Class Chondrichthyes
• a. Ex Sharks, skates, rays
• b. skeletons made of cartilage
• c. streamlined bodies covered in tooth- like
  scales
• d. well developed nervous system
• e. ectothermic

5
(No Transcript)
6

• 7. Class Osteichthyes
• a. Ex founder, bass, drums, goldfish
  (most any fish you think of)
• b. have bony skeletons
• c. swim bladders that help them with
  buoyancy in the water
• d. scales and paired fins
• e. contain a lateral line allows them to
  sense movement of other fish nearby (why they
  can school and not run into each other)
• f. some give live birth and some lay eggs
  some fish lay up to 9 million eggs (only a
  few survive)
• g. ectothermic

7
(No Transcript)
8

• 8. Class Amphibia
• a. ex frogs, salamander, caecilian
• b. Amphibia means double life these animals
  spend a part of their life in water and a part of
  their life on land
• c. Use lungs, gills, and skin in respiration
• d. Lay eggs in water because they are not in a
  shell (jellylike and will dry out on land)
• e. when eggs hatch they turn into tadpoles and
  go through metamorphosis which is when most
  develop legs and lungs
• f. ectothermic

9
g. Order Urodela salamanders have tails as
adults, four legs, and are carnivoresh. Order
Anura frogs and toad, well developed legs as
adults and almost never have tailsi. Order
Apoda caecilians, carnivores, resemble worms
since they dont have legs caecilian salamande
r
10

• 9. Class Reptilia
• a. ex snake, turtle, alligator
• b. dry, scaly skin
• c. well developed lungs (better suited for
  life on land than amphibians)
• d. Lay eggs with tough leather shells on land
• e. Dry skin prevents water loss since most of
  their life is on land but must be shed
• f. Dont live in cold regions like the arctic
  tundra because they are ectothermic

11
g. Order Squamata snakes and lizardsh. Order
Crocodilia crocodiles and alligatorsi. Order
Testudines Turtles and tortoises
12

• 10. Class Aves
• a. Ex birds
• b. endothermic (warm blooded)
• c. hollow bones and front limbs modified for
  flight
• d. efficient digestive, circulator, and
  respiratory systems
• e. feet are adapted to many different
  environments
• f. feathers provide insulation and flight
• g. fast metabolism (eat a lot of food for
  their sizepoop a lot)
• h. well-coordinated senses and can see and
  hear well

13
(No Transcript)
14

• 11. Class Mammalia
• a. Ex humans, ducks
• b. Endothermic
• c. Hair or fur
• d. four chambered heart
• e. lungs
• f. females have mammary glands for nursing
  young

15

• g. Order Monotremata
• i. ex duck-billed platypus
• ii. lay eggs
• duck-billed platypus echidna (spiny anteaters)

16

• h. Order Marsupialia
• i. Kangaroo, koala, opossum (only one native to
  United States)
• ii. bear undeveloped offspring which climbs
  into the mothers pouch (a marsupium) to finish
  development
• i. The rest are placental mammals young
  develop in the mothers uterus where oxygen,
  carbon dioxide, waste, and nutrients are
  exchanged through a structure called the placenta

17
(No Transcript)
18

• j. Orders of Placental Mammals
• Order insectivore Insectivores like shrews,
  moles, and hedgehogs have sharp claws and long
  snouts so they can dig out the insects that are
  their main food source
• Hedgehog Shrew

19
ii. Order Chirptera These winged mammals are
commonly known as bats. Most feed on insects or
fruit and nectar
20

• Order Edentata Most of these mammals have no
  teeth and feed on insects such as ants or
  termites. They include sloths, anteaters, and
  armadillos
• two-toed sloth

21
iv. Order Lagomorpha Lagomorphs are small
herbivores like rabbits that can run or jump
quickly
22
v. Order Rodentia The rodents have a long
curved pair of teeth in their upper and lower
jaws that grow constantly. Gnawing wood and
other plant matter keeps the teeth from growing
too long. Mice, squirrels, chipmunks,
porcupines, gerbils, and gophers are rodents
23
vi. Order Cetacea The cetaceans include whales
and dolphins. They have adapted to life under
water although they still have to come to the
surface to breath air
24
vii. Order Carnivora dogs cats, raccoons,
bears, and seals are examples of carnivores.
They kill their prey with sharp claws and teeth
25
viii. Order Perissodactyla These herbivores
have digestive systems that are adapted to eating
only plants. They have hooves with an odd number
of toes on each foot. Zebras, horses ,and
rhinoceroses are in this order
26
ix. Order Artiodactyla deer pigs, goats,
giraffes, and hippos are in this order. They are
herbivores with an even number of toes on each
foot
27
x. Order Proboscidea Elephants are in this
strange group of herbivores. They are the
largest animals that live on land, and they have
trunks
28
xi. Order Sirenia These herbivores are all
aquatic and are slow moving. Manatees and sea
cows are examples
29
xii. Order Primates Primates have very highly
developed brains and complex behavioral patterns.
Humans, lemurs, and apes are all primates
30
Classification of a Human

• Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordates
• Class Mammalia
• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae
• Genus Homo
• Species Homo sapiens