A Continent on the Move

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A Continent on the Move

• Chapter 2

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European Rivalries

• New states seeking position
• New World competition
• Hope for wealth
• Religion follows

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Spain

• Experience of Reconquista
• Hernanado Cortes
• Aztecs
• Smallpox
• Francisco Coronado
• Quivera
• Motive
• Gold
• God
• Glory

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Treaty of Tordesillas
Tordesillas
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England

• English colonial venture slow in getting started
• Sir Walter Raleigh - Roanoke Island
• Defeat of Spanish Armada - 1588
• Balance of power shift

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Spanish Empire

• Encomienda system
• Large population decrease - disease and violence
• Bartolome de Las Casas
• Smallpox curse
• Population dropped from 25 million to 2 million
  within 60 years

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France

• Tries to thwart Spain in south
• Colonies in modern day Canada
• Samuel de Champlain
• Company of Habitants of New France
• Joliet, Marquette, LaSalle
• Motivation
• Religion
• Rival to England
• Seek to increase power
• Wealth - fur trade

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Dutch

• Henry Hudson
• Dutch West India Company
• Dutch Merchant-Adventurers
• Dutch trade after defeat of Spanish Armada
• Interest - accumulate wealth and do it quickly
• New Netherlands in North America and islands in
  Caribbean

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Indians and New Spain

• Relative peaceful coexistence
• Requerimiento
• Don Juan de Onate (1598)
• Acoma pueblo
• Pueblo Revolt - 1680
• Pope
• Capture Santa Fe
• Horses

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Indian Economies
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Eastern Province

• Algonkian - confederation
• North - Hunter-gatherer, fishing - patrilineal
• South Agriculture, river and sea fishing -
  mixed
• Iroquoian matriarchal, matrilineal
• League of Five Nations traders, warriors

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Eastern Province - continued

• Muskhogean
• Choctaw trade and agriculture
• Creeks peacemakers and diplomats
• Chickasaws warriors
• Natchez ruled by religious leaders
• Siouan-
• Agricultural and hunter-gatherer, fishing
• Matrilineal and patrilineal

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Indian Economies
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Western Province

• Great Plains
• East agriculture
• West hunter-gathers
• Southwest
• Pueblo people - pueblo
• Riparian people - rivers
• Intruder people - raiders
• Great Basin
• Nomadic

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Western Province - continued

• Plateau
• Villages - fishing
• California
• Large population
• No environmental challenge
• No advanced culture
• Northwest Coast
• Isolated exciting cultural area
• Fishing, hunting, trading

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Indian Economies
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Indian Regions

• Southeast
• Missions to pacify Indians
• Disease modified Indian life
• Creek Confederacy
• Economic
• Social
• Athletics to settle differences

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Indian Regions

• Northeast
• French entered power structure
• Two alliance systems
• Hurons - Iroquois
• Algonquins
• Abenakis
• Micmacs
• Ottawas
• Dutch encountered same - Iroquois
• Great Tree of Peace

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Indian Regions

• Plains
• Villages near rivers
• Nomadic
• Buffalo - food and commerce
• Apaches, Comanches and Kiowas trade with Navajos,
  Hopi, Pueblos
• New horse culture
• Livelihood
• War fare
• Appearance
• Culture

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Introduction of Horse
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Maheo, the All Being

• If you have horses everything will be changed
  forever. You will have to move around a lot to
  find pasture for your horses. You will have to
  give up gardening and live by hunting and
  gathering, like the Comanches. And you will have
  to come out of your earth lodge houses and live
  in tents. You will have to fight with other
  tribes, who will want your pasture land or the
  places where you hunt. Think before you decide.

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Life in Spanish Colonies

• Towns and villages
• Irrigated fields
• Social status based upon work
• Traded supplies for horses
• Traded for children with Indians
• Ranching - profitable

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Life in French

• Traders and barters
• Catholics tried to convert
• Fur trade, fishing, craftsman
• Social work orphanages
• Little food knowledge Indians
• Women forced
• Farm laborers not prepared

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Life in New Netherlands

• Dutch West India Company
• Settlements investors land
• Invited people to come
• Patroonships
• Bouweries
• Competition
• Defeated Swedish
• Varied nationalities

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Summary

• New World competition from Old World
• Motives similar
• Adapt to new
• Encountered an existing culture