LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

1
Children Chapters 12-14 Development in Middle
and Late Childhood
2
Who Are Children with Disabilities?

• About 10 of U.S. children receive special
  education or related services
• Learning disability (includes ADHD)
• Speech and sensory disorders
• Physical disorders
• Emotional and behavioral disorders

3
Diversity of Children Who Have a Disability
4
Learning Disabilities

• Learning disability includes
• A significant difficulty in a school-related area
  as different from IQ
• Boys classified 3 times more than girls

5
Prevalent Learning Disabilities in Children

• Dyslexiasevere impairment in ability to read and
  spell
• Dyscalculiadifficulty in math computation

6
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

• Children consistently show one or more of the
  following characteristics
• Inattention
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsivity

7

• Many possible causes heredity may play role
• Undergoes extensive evaluations
• Usually treated with stimulant drugs
• Controversial

8
Speech Disorders

• Articulation disorders problems pronouncing
  sounds correctly
• Voice disorders hoarse, harsh, too loud, too
  high- or low-pitched speech
• Fluency disorders commonly called stuttering

9
Sensory Disorders

• Visual impairments
• Low vision visual acuity between 20/70 and
  20/200
• Educationally blind unable to use ones vision
  in learning

10
Sensory Disorders

• Hearing Impairments
• Oral approaches lip reading, speech reading, and
  any hearing the child has
• Manual approaches sign language and finger
  spelling

11
Physical Disorders

• Orthopedic impairments restrictions in movement
  abilities due to muscle, bone, or joint problems.
• Cerebral palsy lack of muscular coordination,
  shaking, or unclear speech (common type spastic)

12
Emotional and Behavior Disorders

• Serious, persistent problems involving
• Relationships
• Aggression
• Depression
• Fears related to personal or school matters
• Other inappropriate socioemotional issues

13
Autism

• Problems
• Personal interactions poor
• Verbal and nonverbal communication unusual or
  limited
• Repetitive behaviors
• May show atypical sensory responses
• Atypical play

14
Educational Issues

• Public Law 94-142 (Education for All Handicapped
  Children Act)
• Requires that all children with disabilities be
  given free, appropriate public education
• Renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education
  Act (IDEA) in 1990

15
Educational Issues

• IDEA amendments in 1997
• Use of instructional technology
• Use of assistive technology
• Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
• Least restrictive environment (LRE)
• Mainstreaming renamed inclusion, but many still
  differentiate so that mainstreaming is in the
  class without assistance, inclusion is in the
  class with a tutor

16
Concrete Operational Thought

• Ability to classify or divide things into
  different sets or subsets and to consider their
  interrelationships
• Ability to do reversible mental actions on real,
  concrete objects
• Ability to focus on more than single property of
  an object

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What Is Intelligence?

• Verbal ability and problem-solving skills
• Ability to learn from and adapt to experiences of
  everyday life
• Can only be measured indirectly
• Focus is on individual differences
• Tests include the Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler
  series

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Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Verbal
• Mathematical
• Spatial
• Bodily-Kinesthetic

• Musical Skills
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Naturalist

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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

• Three main types of intelligence
• Analytical
• Creative
• Practical

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Emotional Intelligence

• Ability to perceive and express emotions
  accurately and adaptively
• Understand emotion and emotional knowledge
• Use feelings to facilitate thought
• Manage emotions in oneself and others

21
Giftedness

• Above-average intelligence and superior talent
  for something
• Precocity
• March to their own drummer
• Passion to master

22
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation

• Extrinsic motivation
• External incentives such as rewards and
  punishments
• Intrinsic motivation
• Internal factors such as self-determination,
  curiosity, challenge, and effort

23
Self-Efficacy

• Belief that one can master situation and produce
  favorable outcomes
• Critical factor in achievement
• Linked to intrinsic motivation

24
Reading
Whole-language approach
Instruction should parallel childrens natural
language learning reading materials should be
whole and meaningful
Basic-skills- and-phonetics approach
Stresses phonetics and basic rules for
translating symbols into sounds early reading
instruction should involve simplified materials
25
Bilingualism

• Ability to speak two languages
• Learning 2nd language easier for children
• Childs ability to pronounce 2nd language with
  correct accent decreases with age
• Bilingualism has positive effect on childrens
  cognitive development

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Development of Self-Understanding

• Shifts toward
• Defining self in terms of internal
  characteristics
• Including social aspects in self-descriptions
• Social comparison comparing self with others

27
Increasing Childrens Self-Esteem

• Identify causes of low self-esteem
• Provide emotional support and social approval
• Help children to achieve
• Encourage coping skills

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Industry Versus Inferiority

• Eriksons fourth developmental stage
• Encouragement increases childs sense of
  industry criticism results in inferiority
• Children attempt to master many skills
• Develop sense of competence or incompetence

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Kohlbergs Level 1 Preconventional Reasoning

• Lowest level
• No internalization of moral values
• Moral reasoning controlled by external rewards
  and punishment

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Kohlbergs Level 2 Conventional Reasoning

• Second level
• Internalization is intermediate
• One abides by certain standards of others
• Want social approval

31
Kohlbergs Level 3 Postconventional Reasoning

• Highest level
• Morality completely internalized
• Based on social contract and universal ethical
  principles

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Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny

• Androgyny
• Presence of masculine and feminine
  characteristics in same individual

33
Societal Changes in Families

• Divorces and remarriages increasing
• Stepfamilies types and adjustment issues
• Self-care/latchkey children issues
• Gay and lesbian parents
• Differences and adjustment issues

34
Bullying

• Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb
  someone less powerful
• Bullies may enjoy high peer status despite
  increased conduct problems