European footholds in North America

1
1600-1660

• European footholds in North America

2
Spain

• 1598 Onate sets up new province area which is
  present day New Mexico
• Pueblo Indians and other Indian tribes taken as
  slaves
• Drought, food shortage, poverty
• Pueblo Indians accept Christianity in return for
  food and protection
• Colony of New Mexico limps along

3
Spain contd.

• Onate replaced by new governor
• Less than 50 colonists
• Capital set up at Santa Fe (a village at that
  time)
• Population increases in a few decades.
• 1630 Spanish Friars, colonists, African slaves,
  Indians and mixed-race youngsters
• Friars force pueblos to give up rituals and
  destroy artifacts
• Punish and torture Indians who do not convert or
  obey

4
Spain contd.

• Pueblos carry on sacred rituals in secret
• Horses, sheep, fruits and vegetables introduced
  to area
• Disease
• Pueblo population brought down to a fourth of
  what they started out in 1600 by end of 17th
  century

5
Spain contd.

• Plans to disband colony in Florida
• Friars convince crown to allow colony to stay
• Natives forced to conversion
• Had to provide food for troops and Friars
• Traveled inland with Friars on conversion
  missions as load bearers
• Introduced disease to inland Natives affecting
  Native population inland
• England, France and Holland challenge Spanish
  control in America

6
France

• Until 1600, French had fur and metal trade in N.
  America
• Champlain sets up French outpost in Quebec
• Joins Algonquin and Huron to invade Iroquois
  results in lasting trade friendships with these 2
  groups
• Only Catholics allowed to settle in Quebec
• Jesuit priests establish schools and churches for
  active conversion of Huron

7
France contd.

• Huron, French vs. Iroquois, Dutch competition
  for fur
• Huron and Iroquois population cut down to a
  fourth of original population by 1640
• Iroquois tradition of replacing community members
  with captives
• Attack by Iroquois on Huron priests killed,
  women taken prisoners, villages burned, furs
  stolen
• Colony very weak by 1660

8
Holland

• Dutch colony established in present day Albany
  (New Netherland)
• Governed by DWIC (Dutch West India Company)
• Constant problems with neighboring Indian tribes,
  English, French and the newly arrived Swedes for
  trading grounds
• Ethnically diverse population in New Amsterdam
• Half free slaves, Jews, Swedes, Finns, English
  and French Protestants
• Eventually absorbed by the English colony

9
Englandbackground

• Poverty and economic crisis in England
• Stuarts (Scottish) take over crown in 1603 and
  last until 1649
• Political and religious strife people considered
  leaving England for new homes
• New vigor in ocean exploration
• Richard Hakluyt Virginia Company (Joint stock
  company) extends from Vermont to Carolina and
  Atlantic to Pacific
• Two groups set out in 1606 Maine and Chesapeake
  Bay
• Maine colony (Sagadahoc) fails and returns to
  England in a year

10
Jamestown(Chesapeake Bay)

• Second group arrive in Chesapeake Bay and name
  the settlement Jamestown (James I) in 1607
• English investors of Virginia Company expect huge
  and immediate profits from venture
• Powhattan Indians hostile, location swampy,
  mosquito ridden and un-suitable to grow crops
• Poor leadership, not used to manual labor,
  disease, profits to Company not to them
• John Smith improves relations with Indians
  (Pocahontas) which lasts a few years

11
Jamestown contd.

• 1609 Company stock holders re-do strategy to
  improve conditions in Jamestown
• 500 new recruits, 1609
• Men to women ration imbalanced
• Poor conditions no staple or established crop,
  Indian trouble, starvation, disease, dwindling
  supplies
• 1610 Only about 60 survivors, decide to abandon
  Jamestown and set sail for England

12
Jamestown contd.

• Colonists meet new ships with fresh supplies and
  300 new settlers decide to try again
• John Rolfe gets tobacco seed (stinking weed)
  and decides to see if it establishes
• 1612 tobacco crop flourishes
• Shortage of labor to work in fields leads to
  slave purchases

13
Jamestown contd.

• Indentured servants
• Invested money and services for 7 yr term in
  return for 50 acres of land at maturation
• Head right additional 50 acres for each member
  or laborer transported with their own paid
  passage
• House of Burgesses 1619, brings about
  self-government, based on English law, ensured
  basic rights to colonists
• 1618-1622 population boom, tobacco flourishes,
  disease among settlers, increased Indian tensions

14
Jamestown contd.

• 1622 Powhattan Indian attack kills 350 settlers
• Indentured servants denied their promise
• King dissolves Virginia Company
• Jamestown controlled by Crown
• House of Burgesses meets and created county
  courts
• 1646 Powhattans and neighboring allies
  subjugated and forced to pay tribute
• 1660 About 25,000 colonists in Virginia and
  Maryland

15
Maryland(Chesapeake Bay)

• Second English colony in Chesapeake Bay initiated
  by Lord Baltimore I (Calvert) in 1632
• Lord Baltimore II takes over settlement effort
• Royal Charter granted land adjacent to Virginia
  named Maryland after Catholic queen Henrietta
  Maria
• Settlers combination of Protestant and Catholic
• 1655 Protestants seize control of government and
  refuse to tolerate Catholics

16
Tobacco Cash crop of Chesapeake Bay

• Tobacco established as cash crop by 1640s.
• Main export to London
• Disadvantages of tobacco depletion of soil
  fertility, dependence on single crop, storms,
  droughts, unstable markets abroad
• In spite of these tobacco continues as main
  source of livelihood to farmers

17
Plymouth

• 1620 Separatists (refused to follow Church of
  England) lived in Holland losing identity
  decide to leave for America Pilgrims
• Sail on Mayflower land in Plymouth, sea-weary,
  winter coming
• Mayflower Compact promise to stay together to
  build a community
• Winter, starvation, illness sweeps thru colony
• Join hands with Indians (Massasoit and Squanto)
  for to learn about the land
• Squanto former English slave, traveled to
  Europe, spoke English, taught Pilgrims to fish
  and grow corn, mediated between Wampanoag Indians
• Thanksgiving tradition started

18
Puritans(Massachusetts Bay Colony)

• Group who protested elaborate rituals of Anglican
  Church (Calvinism)
• Emphasis on preaching, sermons, pulpit and not
  the altar
• Used simple language for all to follow
• Encouraged reading and discussion of scriptures
• Economic and religious troubles in England
• 1629 Massachusetts Bay Company set up be
  entrepreneurs who needed new markets, and
  Puritans who needed religious freedom

19
City Upon a Hill

• John Winthrop, Puritan leader of Massachusetts
  Bay Colony, arrives in 1630
• Settlers were family units, settlements healthy
• Winthrop makes speech Puritans would be example
  to others, under a covenant with God to serve Him
  in return for His blessings and protection,
  colony would be a City Upon a Hill
• Winthrop becomes governor
• 1630-1640 20,000 settlers arrive
• Trade main activity to support economy

20
City Upon a Hill

• God had chosen Puritans to play a special role in
  the world
• Town life was center of Puritans
• Punishment was harsh, rewards generous
• Life centered around God and service to Him
• Prohibited religious dissenters

21
Roger Williams

• Protested against Puritan treatment of Indians,
  and belief that women were not as important as
  men, believed in separation of Church and State
• Leaders of colony angered by his ideas to reform
  Anglican Church and his refusal to denounce it
• Banished in 1635 moved to present day
  Providence, Rhode Island with other dissenters
• 1644 gains charter to start independent colony
  at Rhode Island

22
Anne Hutchinson

• Daughter of English minister
• 1634 moved to Boston with family
• Gained divine inspiration from Holy Spirit
• Opposed regular church attendance
• Compared Puritans to be same as members of
  Anglican Church
• Opposed how women were treated and allowed
  themselves to be treated by others
• Banished 1637, first moved to Rhode Island and
  then to Dutch settlement near Hudson River
• 1643 Hutchinson and family killed by Indians

23
Pequot War 1637

• Puritans gain strength in America and England
• Civil War in England Charles I beheaded
• More need for land to settle
• Winthrops son spread rumors that Pequot Indians
  would cause trouble
• Allies with Narrangansett and Mohegan Indians and
  attacks the Pequot Indians
• Mystic Village Massacre Most of the tribe
  (including women and children) killed, village
  burned
• Neighboring Indian tribes cede land to Puritans
• Missionary work begins Indians forced to
  convert, forbidden to worship Indian Gods, Indian
  College set up to educate Indian Youth about
  Christianity, Indian Bible created

24
Conclusion

• By 1660 Four European powers established in
  America (Spanish, French, English and Dutch)
• England in spite of its slow start was most
  aggressive of all colonizers
• Created settlers with family units rather than
  garrisons or outposts
• By 1660, English population of settlers
  out-numbered all others