Chapter 2

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Chapter 2 European Colonies in America
Section Notes
Video
European Colonies in America
European Settlements in North America The English
in Virginia The Northern Colonies The Middle and
Southern Colonies
Maps
European Explorations of the Americas,
14921682 A Foothold in the New World Northern
Colonies Middle and Southern Colonies
History Close-up
Plymouth Colony
Quick Facts
Images
The Spanish in America Jamestown and
Plymouth Pocahontas Engraving Pocahontas by Henry
Brueckner
The English Colonies in the America Visual
Summary European Colonies in America
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European Settlements in North America

• The Main Idea
• In the 1500s and 1600s, European nations, led by
  Spain, continued to explore, claim territory, and
  build settlements in America.
• Reading Focus
• Which Spanish conquistadors explored North
  America, and what were they seeking?
• How did Spain build an empire?
• What other nations explored North America?

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Spanish Conquistadors

• Spanish explorers of the 1500s were called
  conquistadors, Spanish for conquerors. They
  traveled to spread Christianity, find wealth, and
  win fame.
• Ponce de León explored Puerto Rico and became its
  governor.
• In 1513, he left to search for gold and a
  fountain of youth. He was the first Spanish
  explorer to touch mainland North America when he
  landed on the Florida coast.
• Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico to conquer the
  Aztec Empire.
• Was successful with the help of the Aztecs
  enemies that he had gathered as his allies
• Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca traveled from the
  present-day Texas coast near Galveston through
  New Mexico and Arizona, then down the Mexican
  Pacific coast. His tales may have given rise to
  the legend of Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola,
  cities rich in gold.

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Spanish Conquistadors

• Expeditions in search of the Seven Cities legend
• Hernando de Soto explored from Florida to the
  Carolinas and Tennessee. He was the first
  European to see the Mississippi River. Also
  explored Arkansas
• Francisco Vásquez conquered the Pueblo peoples.
  Then his group split up one of his men was the
  first European to see the Grand Canyon. The
  others traveled to present-day Arizona, New
  Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
• Juan Cabrillo explored the coast of California.
• The Spanish never found gold in the American
  Southwest, so they turned their attention to
  mining in Mexico.
• Pedro Menendez de Avilés founded St. Augustine in
  Florida. Today it is the oldest city in the
  United States.

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Spain Builds an Empire

• The government of Spain established colonial
  governments while conquistadors were exploring
  North America.
• Spain set up viceroyalties, provinces that were
  ruled by a representative of the monarch.
• New Spain was a viceroyalty and included much of
  the American Southwest and present-day Mexico,
  Florida, Central America, part of Venezuela, and
  some Caribbean islands.

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Spain Builds an Empire

• Social Structure
• Peninsulares people who came from Spain.
  Considered themselves superior to the creoles
• Creoles people born in the Americas of pure
  Spanish descent
• Mestizos mixed Spanish and Native American
  descent
• Lowest on social scale were people of mixed
  Spanish and African descent, pure-blooded
  Indians, and Africans
• Catholic missionaries ran missions and taught
  Native Americans Christianity, European farming,
  herding, and crafts.

• Land and Labor
• Spain tried to use Native Americans as laborers,
  encomienda system
• Many laborers were worked to death on huge
  estates called haciendas.
• As Native American population declined from
  disease and ill treatment, landowners came to
  depend on African slaves for labor.

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Spain Builds an Empire

• The Pueblo Revolt
• Juan de Oñate was sent to settle New Mexico in
  1598.
• Missionaries wanted all native religions replaced
  by Christianity.
• In 1680 the Pueblo Indians, led by a shaman named
  Popé, revolted in Santa Fe to take back their
  ways of life.
• Many villagers joined the revolt.
• After a 10-day siege, the Spanish settlers fled.
• Popé tried to restore their traditional ways and
  wipe out all traces of Spanish culture.
• In 1692 Spanish soldiers retook Santa Fe.

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Other Nations Explore

• In 1497 King Henry VII of England sent John
  Cabot, an Italian navigator, on an exploration
  voyage.
• Cabot landed in Newfoundland and claimed it for
  England. He thought he was in Asia.
• Sebastian Cabot, Johns son, launched a voyage
  looking for a Northwest Passage to the Pacific
  Ocean, creating a shorter sea route to Asia.

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Other Nations Explore

• Englands Navy
• Queen Elizabeth I built England into a sea power.
• Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe while
  plundering Spanish ships and towns on the Pacific
  coast of South America.
• Spanish Armada sent to invade England was
  defeated by superior English navy

• New France
• 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano explored for France
  along coast from present-day Carolinas to Maine.
• Jacques Cartier discovered St. Lawrence River.
• Samuel de Champlain founded Frances first
  permanent settlement in New World.
• Sieur de la Salle claimed land from Great Lakes
  to mouth of Mississippi.

• New Netherland
• In 1609 the Dutch sent Henry Hudson to search for
  a Northwest Passage. He found what is now called
  the Hudson River.
• The Dutch claimed territory along the Atlantic
  coast.
• The colony of New Netherland drew settlers from
  all over northern Europe.

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Warm-Up!
The Main Idea Explain the significance of
Columbus Voyage to America in a paragraph or
less.
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The English in Virginia

• The Main Idea
• After several failures, the English established a
  permanent settlement at Jamestown, Virginia.
• Reading Focus
• Why were the first English colonies established?
• What helped the Jamestown colony survive?
• How did Virginia grow and change during the 1600s?

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The First English Colonies

• English settlers had many reasons to come to the
  New World.
• There were economic problems in England, and many
  wanted new opportunities.
• English farm workers were unemployed, and small
  farmers were struggling.
• In the wealthy class, large plots of land had
  been divided among heirs for years until land was
  scarce.
• Young men who did not inherit land were looking
  for adventure.
• King James issued a charter that divided America
  between the Plymouth Company and the London
  Company.
• The two groups were joint-stock companies. They
  were to govern and maintain the colonies. Profits
  from the colonies went back to the companies
  investors.

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The Jamestown Colony

• The First Settlers
• In 1606 the London Company sent three ships and
  144 men to Virginia. 100 survived the crossing.
• They built Jamestown 60 miles up the James River.
  
• Site was low and swampy, filled with
  malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
• Jamestown was in the territory of the Powhatan
  Confederacy, led by Powhatan.
• Water supply wasnt safe some settlers died of
  malaria or dysentery from drinking it.
• Other settlers became too weak to work, while
  others spent more time looking for treasure than
  for food.
• Many were English gentlemen, unused to physical
  labor.
• Only 38 were alive when more English colonists
  arrived.

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The Jamestown Colony

• Captain John Smith helped trade for food with the
  Native Americans, built houses, and explored the
  area.
• When the Powhatans captured him and were about to
  kill him, Powhatans daughter, Pocahontas,
  intervened. Later she helped keep the peace
  between the Powhatans and the colonists.
• In 1608 Smith became the leader of Jamestown.
• Organized raids to steal food from the Indians
• Imposed a law that if a man wanted to eat, he had
  to work
• More settlers came in 1609. That winter was
  called the starving time because the Indians, who
  were angry about the food raids, killed the
  settlers livestock and prevented them from
  hunting.

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The Jamestown Colony

• Growing tobacco finally made Jamestown
  profitable.
• John Rolfe was the first settler to grow tobacco.
• Rolfe and Pocahontas married. Their marriage
  secured peace between the settlers and the
  Powhatans.
• Conflicts with Powhatans arose by 1622. Both
  Pocahontas and Powhatan were dead.
• The English farmers were taking over more Indian
  lands to farm tobacco.
• In 1622 the Indians launched a surprise attack on
  Jamestown, killing many settlers, including John
  Rolfe.
• Attacks persisted for twenty more years.

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Virginia Grows and Changes

• The Virginia Company offered headrights, 50-acre
  grants of land. There were various ways to obtain
  them
• The company brought in skilled artisans to help
  the economy grow
• The company also sent 100 women to marry the
  colonists and make society more stable

• The Virginia Company formed Americas first
  legislature, the House of Burgesses.
• Members were white male landowners.
• This group had the power to raise taxes and make
  laws.

• The majority of colonial workers were indentured
  servants.
• They were contracted to work for a certain number
  of years. When the contract was up, they were
  free to go.
• By the late 1600s, there were fewer indentured
  servants.
• Landowners saw advantages to using slaves, such
  as not having to pay slaves like indentured
  servants.

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Virginia Grows and Changes

• Conflicts among settlers
• Settlers on the frontier wanted to push farther
  westward, into Indian lands.
• The governor, Sir William Berkeley, wanted good
  relations with the Native Americans to protect
  his fur trade with them. Wealthy frontier tobacco
  planter, Nathaniel Bacon, formed an army after
  one of his workers was killed in an Indian
  attack.
• Bacons army attacked Jamestown, which was burned
  in the fight. The governor fled.
• Bacons Rebellion collapsed after Bacon suddenly
  became ill and died.
• As a result, the House of Burgesses opened more
  frontier land.

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Warm up!
Jamestown Why was Jamestown able to last as a
colony? What was the significance of
Jamestown? Did the success of Jamestown lead to
an agrarian economy in the South?
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The Northern Colonies

• The Main Idea
• The pilgrims founded colonies in Massachusetts
  based on Puritan religious ideals, while dissent
  led to the founding of other New England
  colonies.
• Reading Focus
• Why did the Puritans flee England?
• How did dissent among the Puritans threaten the
  New England colonies?
• What was life like in New England?

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Puritans Flee to Freedom

• Puritans wanted to purify the Church of
  England.
• Wanted simpler church service
• Objected to the wealth and power of bishops
• Separatists were more strict Puritans.
• Wanted to remove all traces of Catholicism from
  their religion
• Wanted total separation from the Church of
  England
• Church of England was the official church of the
  land.
• English subjects required to attend services and
  pay taxes to support the church
• Dissenters were fined and put in prison

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Puritans Flee to Freedom

• Plymouth Colony
• Some English Separatists moved to the Netherlands
  in 1608.
• Their children were becoming more Dutch than
  English.
• War with Spain seemed near. They were ready to
  move to the New World.
• Led by William Bradford, 35 Separatists joined 66
  others on the Mayflower in 1620.
• Their sponsor, the Virginia Company, intended
  they land near the Hudson River. They landed
  instead at Cape Cod.
• Founded Plymouth Colony south of present-day
  Boston
• Colony never grew very large

• Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Puritan merchants formed the Massachusetts Bay
  Company.
• In 1630 John Winthrop set out with 11 ships and
  700 people for New England.
• This colony grew faster than Plymouth. Other
  towns were established nearby.
• Massachusetts General Court was formed.
• Success of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
  colonies inspired the Great Migration.
• Over 20,000 English men and women came to settle
  in New England.

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Dissent among the Puritans

• Dissenters left the Massachusetts Bay Colony and
  settled new towns.
• Thomas Hooker, a Puritan minister, and his
  congregation settled in the Connecticut River
  Valley. They adopted Americas first written
  constitution the Fundamental Orders of
  Connecticut. It extended voting rights to all
  free men, not just church members.
• Roger Williams, a Separatist minister who
  believed in religious tolerance and the
  separation of church and government. Bought land
  from the Narragansetts to establish Providence,
  now Rhode Island
• Anne Hutchinson believed that people did not need
  a ministers teachings to be spiritual. Was
  imprisoned, tried, and banished from the
  Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Hutchinsons brother-in-law left Massachusetts to
  start a settlement in present-day New Hampshire.
  In 1679 it became a royal colony, under direct
  control of the king.

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Life in New England

• Massachusetts General Court passed education
  laws.
• Girls learned reading, writing, and some
  arithmetic.
• Boys had more education opportunities. By the
  1700s Harvard and Yale colleges were available to
  them.

Education

• By late 1700s most colonies were royal colonies.
  In town meetings church members and land owners
  voted on town matters.

Government

• Colonists became less dependent on the Indians
  for survival. The Native Americans now had guns.
• Some Puritans felt it was their duty to drive the
  Native Americans out or kill them.
• Land conflicts were behind the Pequot War and
  King Philips War. Both wars nearly wiped out the
  Native Americans involved.

NativeAmericans
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Focus Questions

• What was the purpose of the Puritans and why were
  they struggling in England?
• Where did the Puritans first settle?
• What did the founding of the Plymouth and Bay
  Colony lead to?
• What was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?
• What is a Royal Colony?

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The Middle and Southern Colonies

• The Main Idea
• Events in England during and after the English
  Civil War led to a new wave of colonization along
  the Atlantic coast south of New England.
• Reading Focus
• What brought about a new era of colonization in
  America?
• Why were new southern colonies founded?
• Why did the Quakers settle Pennsylvania?
• Why was Maryland founded?

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A New Era of Colonization

• After the English Civil War, the reign of Charles
  II was called the Restoration because it restored
  the English monarchy.

• Charles repaid political favors by establishing
  proprietary colonies, grants of land to loyal
  friends. Four new colonies were established New
  York, New Jersey, Carolina, and Pennsylvania.
• Colonies were governed by their Lords Proprietors.

• The king granted the Duke of York land that
  included the area already claimed by the Dutch as
  New Netherland. Their town, New Amsterdam, was
  thriving.
• In 1664 an English fleet sailed into the harbor
  and demanded New Netherlands surrender. Gov.
  Stuyvesant surrendered.
• By 1674 New Netherland was firmly in English
  hands.
• The duke renamed it New York.

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Puritans Flee to Freedom

• New York
• Had a diversified population English, Dutch,
  Scandinavians, Germans, French, Native Americans,
  and enslaved Africans
• Grew and prospered under English rule
• A treaty with the Iroquois protected the fur
  trade.
• The Duke of York gave the land south of the
  Hudson River to two of his political allies. They
  named it New Jersey.
• By early 1700s, New York and New Jersey became
  royal colonies.

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New Southern Colonies

• The Carolinas
• Was co-owned by eight men
• Gave themselves large estates
• Some people had to pay to bring in boatloads of
  settlers.
• Southern Carolina
• Had a port in Charles Town
• Had prosperous estates of aristocrats
• Plantation owners from West Indies moved there
  with their enslaved Africans.
• Northern Carolina settlers were small farmers
  without slaves.
• They did not have a good harbor.

• Georgia
• James Oglethorpe, humanitarian and member of
  English Parliament, wanted debtors to have a new
  start in life instead of going to prison.
• He and 20 other trustees received a charter to
  settle Georgia.
• In 1733 he founded city of Savannah, Georgia,
  with a boatload of colonists.
• The trustees governed but did not own land or
  expect a profit.
• Georgias population included former debtors,
  impoverished British craftspeople, religious
  refugees from Germany and Switzerland.
• By 1770 nearly half of the population was made of
  enslaved Africans.

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Quakers Settle Pennsylvania

• Of all the Nonconformist groups, the Quakers
  upset people the most.
• They believed in direct, personal communication
  with God they had no ministers or hierarchy of
  priests and bishops.
• They had simple meetings where their members rose
  to speak.
• They believed in the equality of all men and
  women.
• They were pacifists who refused to fight in wars.
  
• They were only welcomed in Rhode Island.

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Quakers Settle Pennsylvania

• A tolerant colony
• William Penn named his colony Pennsylvania and
  named the city Philadelphia, Greek for City of
  Brotherly Love.
• In the 1600s, wars in Europe ruined farms and
  trade, and religious clashes caused social
  upheaval.
• Penn offered refuge for Quakers and others
  suffering religious persecution. He offered
  opportunities and land at reasonable prices.
• German Protestant sects such as the Amish and
  Mennonites moved to Pennsylvania. French
  Protestants, called Huguenots, settled there, too.

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Delaware

• In 1638 small colony of Swedes settled near
  present-day Wilmington, Delaware
• In 1655 the Dutch took over New Sweden.
• Later the colony was seized by England.
• William Penn persuaded the duke of York to make
  him the proprietor of an area along the Delaware
  River and bay.
• This was the area that would later became the
  colony of Delaware.
• Control of this waterway gave Pennsylvania access
  to the Atlantic Ocean

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The Founding of Maryland

• The founding of the Church of England as the
  nations official church made life difficult for
  Roman Catholics living there.

• Some English Catholics were influential.
• George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore,
  converted to Catholicism, and it ended his
  career.
• He wanted land in America, as a haven for
  Catholics and for personal wealth.

• Calvert founded a settlement in Canada, but it
  was too cold for him.
• He tried to move to Jamestown, but was banned
  because of his religion.
• He asked King Charles for land around Chesapeake
  Bay.
• Calvert died before the land was granted, but his
  son received the rights and founded Maryland.
• Because of clashes between Catholics and
  Protestants, the Toleration Act was passed to
  protect the right of all Christians to practice
  their religion in Maryland.

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Focus Questions

• What was the Restoration?
• What were the proprietary colonies?
• What were some of the early characteristics of
  New York?
• Compare and contrast between North and South
  Carolina
• Given the beginnings of the population makeup of
  Georgia, what kind of issues might the colony
  face?
• Who were the Quakers and what did they believe?

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