Lesson Two: Invasion of America

1
The Invasion of America

• Chapter 2
• Pgs. 27-45
• Chapter 3
• Pgs. 49-52

2
A Growing Europe.

• Life in 15th century Europe
• Majority of people were farmers.
• The majority of people lived in family households
  clustered together in farming villages.
• Villages ruled by families of lords.
• Held monopoly on wealth and power.
• Made possible by the Roman Catholic Church.
• Very difficult life.
• Porridge and bread (vegetables fish).
• Crop failures due to droughts or floods.
• Starvation, homelessness, disease, and death.
• Black Death.
• Killed a third of Europes population.
• Violence erupted as groups fought for share of
  shrinking economy.

3
A Growing Europe.

• By 1500 Europes population had rebounded.
• Instability caused by the Black Death brought
  about major change in Governments.
• Monarchs replaced lords.
• Found support among the merchant class.
• Union between merchants and monarchs would be an
  important factor in exploration of the new
  world.

4
The Renaissance

• Economic recovery accompanied by expansion of
  commerce.
• Stimulated growth of markets and towns.
• City States of Italy.
• Europeans came into contact with Islamic
  civilizations.
• Provided access to important ancient texts.
• Lost in Europe.
• Preserved in libraries of Alexandria (Egypt) and
  Baghdad (Iraq).
• Revived interest in classical literatures.
• Sparked a period of intellectual and artistic
  growth.
• The Renaissance celebrated human possibility and
  gave birth to humanism which placed importance on
  this life rather than the afterlife.
• Brought about inquisitive spirit that motivated
  the exploration of the new world.

5
The Portuguese Voyages

• Henry the Navigator.
• Personal interest in navigation.
• Established school of navigation (Portugal).
• By 1430s
• The Portuguese had discovered
• The Azores.
• The Canaries.
• Madeira.
• Within 30 years the Portuguese pushed their way
  into Africa.
• Close of the 15th century
• They had gained control over the flow of trade
  items from West Africa.

6
The Portuguese Voyages

• What were the trade items?
• Gold.
• Ivory.
• Spices.
• The Portuguese grew sugar and other crops on the
  Azores and Canary Islands.
• Portuguese sugar plantations also used African
  slaves.
• 16th century forward The Portuguese became
  increasingly involved in the African slave trade.
• Used slaves on their plantations.
• Later used slaves in Europe as well.
• Mid 16th century Portugal was shipping African
  slaves all over the world.

7
The Portuguese Voyages

• The Portuguese were also interested in finding
  the shortest, cheapest, and safest sea route
  between Europe and Asia.
• England, Spain, and France also interested.
• Portugal more cautious in their approach.
• The newer powers much more brazen in their
  approach.
• New Technologies
• Magnetic compass.
• Improvements in steering mechanisms, hull design,
  and new captains controls over ship direction,
  speed, and stability.

8
Christopher Columbus

• Christopher Columbus
• Ambitious sailor from Italy.
• Eager to take advantage of new technologies.
• 1484 John II of Portugal and asked for support
  for his risky voyage.
• Sail westward from Portugal, across the Atlantic
  Ocean, to the East Indies.
• John II refused after being advised that Columbus
  had underestimated the size of the earth.
• 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.
• Agreed to equip three ships and give Columbus 10
  of anything he found on his journey.
• August 3, 1492
• Columbus and a crew of 90 departed on their
  voyage.
• Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.

9
Christopher Columbus

• The journey started out well but the good fortune
  did not last.
• Poor weather.
• Voyage took too long (10 weeks).
• Threats of mutiny from the crew.
• Land spotted.
• October 12, 1492
• Landfall modern Bahamas Islands.
• Holy Savior San Salvador.
• For 10 weeks Columbus sailed around the
  Caribbean
• Collecting spices, coconuts, bits of gold, and
  native captives.
• He called the natives Indians because he
  thought he had landed in the Indies.

10
Christopher Columbus

• Upon returning to Spain Columbus
• Received a heroes welcome.
• Gained backing for three more voyages.
• Over the next several years, Spain gained a
  foothold in the region.
• Who were the local natives (Indians)?
• ltFilm Clips 500 Nationsgt

11
Christopher Columbus

• Columbus first of many explorers of the new
  world.
• The primary goal of exploration became finding a
  route around or through North America.
• Northwest Passage.
• Columbuss discovery opened a door for many new
  opportunities for European expansion.
• War and disease, population pressure, and
  economic competition, technological innovation
  and the thirst for adventure helped create a
  general sense of unrest in Europe.

12
The Spanish in the Americas.

• Spain continued its exploration of the new
  world long after Columbus was off the scene.
• Spanish exploration became the occupation of
  aggressive and popular figures such as Hernando
  Cortes.
• 1519
• Cortes and 600 troops land at Mexico,
• Conquered the might Aztec Empire quickly.
• Why?
• Aztecs weakened by smallpox and other illnesses.
• Cortes and his men wore full body armor, rode
  horses, and used guns. Psychological advantage.
• Cortes received military support from several
  tribes of Mexican Indians who resented the
  Aztecs power and their demand for sacrificial
  victims.

13
The Spanish in the Americas.

• Cortes and the Spanish
• Established themselves in Mexico City.
• Brought surrounding Indian groups under their
  control.
• Spanish soldiers (conquistadors) conquered the
  Indian civilizations of
• Mexico.
• Central America.
• Peru.
• Conquistadors used harsh (brutal) methods of
  conquest.

14
Virgin Soil Epidemics

• The primary cause of the massive reduction in
  native population was European diseases,
• Smallpox.
• Influenza.
• The Plague.
• Measles.
• Typhus.
• Pre-contact America was epidemic free (not
  disease free).
• Natives lacked the biological ability to fight
  off European diseases.
• Warfare, famine, and low birth rates also
  contributed to the population reduction.

15
New France and the Fur Trade.

• Driven out of Brazil and Florida by the Spanish.
• Made contact with Native Americans in the
  northern woodlands.
• Different relationship
• France more interested in trade/commerce than in
  conquest.
• Native Americans interested in French (European)
  goods
• Textiles, glass, copper, and ironware.
• French interested in furs.
• Trade would play an important role in the
  French/Indian relationship.
• By the close of the 16th century (1500s) over
  1,000 European ships were trading for furs each
  year along the northern Atlantic coast.

16
New France and the Fur Trade.

• Negative consequences of the fur trade
• Epidemic diseases followed.
• Created tensions between tribes who fought for
  access to hunting grounds.
• Native Americans became dependent upon European
  goods (metal knives, kettles, and guns, etc).
• French monopoly on the fur trade
• Samuel de Champlain
• Founded Quebec on the St. Lawrence River (1608).
• Intercept fur trade traffic.
• Sent French traders to live with the Indians.
• The fur trade a major draw. Many failed.

17
New France and the Fur Trade.

• Population of New France grew slowly.
• Only Catholics could settle in New France.
• Sought to build an empire through an alliance
  with local Native American tribes.

18
New Netherland

• United Provinces of the Netherlands.
• Holland.
• Dutch.
• Established themselves in North America
• Explorations of Henry Hudson.
• By 1609 Established settlements on the Hudson
  River (see next slide map).
• Dutch West India Company
• Negotiated a commercial alliance with the Five
  Nation Iroquois Confederacy.
• The Dutch launched a campaign to establish
  themselves as the middle man in the fur trade.
• The Beaver Wars (1640s-1680s).

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20
England in America

• Tensions with Spain
• Henry VIII
• Divorced his Spanish wife (Catherine of Aragon).
• Separated the Church of England from the Roman
  Catholic Church.
• Opened the Church of England to the Protestant
  Reformation.
• Spain condemned Henrys actions.
• King Henry VIII concerned with
• Domestic issues.
• Self defense.
• Keeping clear of a direct war with Spain.

21
England in America

• Queen Elizabeth I
• 1577
• Authorized English privateers (pirates).
• Francis Drake.
• Attack Spanish ships.
• Seized tons of gold and silver.
• Interested in more than raiding ships.
• Life was hard in England
• Population boom threatened economy.
• Farmland becoming scarce.
• Elizabeth (and England) looked to the New World.

22
England in America

• 1578
• Elizabeth granted Sir Humphrey Gilbert permission
  to found a colony in North America.
• 1583
• Gilbert sails with 200 colonists.
• Lost at sea.
• Elizabeth gives land grant to Walter Raleigh.
• Proposed colony Virginia (virgin queen).
• Island (costal North Carolina).
• American Eden.
• Friendly natives.

23
England in America

• 1585
• 108 settlers to Roanoke Island.
• Things started out good but went bad.
• Cultural differences created war.
• Drake visits colony in 1586
• Finds Roanoke at war with local natives.
• Settlers return to England with Drake.
• 15 men remain
• Never seen again.
• 1587
• Second colony
• Governor John White.

24
England in America

• 1587
• White returns to England for supplies.
• Delayed 3 years (war with Spain).
• 1590
• White returns to Roanoke.
• Found the colony abandoned (not destroyed).
• Croatoan carved on post.
• Gone to Croatoan.
• Attacked by Croatoan? (probably not).
• White returns to England.
• Never learns fate of colony or granddaughter
  Virginia Dare.

25
England in America

• English efforts to colonize the New World were
  temporarily halted.
• Disaster at Roanoke
• Colonization was difficult and expensive.
• 1603
• Queen Elizabeth dies.
• England once again sets her sights on the New
  World.
• Reading
• Chapter 3.
• Pages 52 69.
• Reading quiz possible at any time.