Growth and Development of Infants

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Growth and Development of Infants
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Baby Pictures

• Baby Polar Bear

• Adult Polar Bear

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Baby Pictures

• Piglet

• Adult Pig

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Patterns of Physical Development

• Head to toe
• Head takes the lead in development
• Lift head to see object, can pick the object up
  once muscle control is gained
• Later can walk towards it
• Near to far
• Starts at trunk and moves outward
• Wave arms when they see an object they want
• Grab with palm of hand
• Pick up with thumb and fingers
• Simple to complex
• Eating with fingers and eventually a spoon and
  fork

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Weight

• Babies will lose a little after birth
• Gain 1-2 lbs/month in 1st 6 months
• 1 pound in 2nd 6 months
• Birth weight
• Doubled by 6 month
• Tripled by 1 yr
• Average weight of 1 year old is 20-22 pounds
• Can differ based on heredity, feeding habits, and
  physical activity

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Height

• Avg newborn 20 inches
• Avg 1 year 30 inches
• Heredity influences height more than weight

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Proportion

• Head and abdomen large
• Arms and legs are short and small
• Head grows rapidly during the first year to
  provide room for brain development
• Half of the total growth of the head occurs
• Soft spots allow head to grow and close

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Soft Spots
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Growth and Development

• Growth- changes in physical size
• Development- increase in physical, emotional,
  social, or intellectual skills
• Both are rapid during the first year

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1st Year Physical Developments
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Sight

• Sight improves rapidly
• Blurry at first, within week can focus on objects
  7-10 inches away
• By 1 month, can focus up to 3 feet away
• By 3 ½ months, vision is almost as good as an
  adult
• Prefer patterns with high contrast and faces
• Alternating stripes, bulls eyes
• Prefer color red

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Depth Perception

• 2nd month recognize that object is
  three-dimensional, not flat
• Want to look at real objects, not pictures

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Hand-Eye Coordination

• Develop hand-eye coordination
• Move hands and fingers in relation to what is
  seen
• 3-4 months reach for what they see
• Essential for
• Eating
• Catching a ball
• Coloring
• Tying shoes

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Hearing

• Develops before birth
• At birth, can tell general direction where sound
  is coming from
• Prefer human voice
• Soothing voice calms
• Loud voice alarms

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Smell and Taste

• Within 10 days, the baby can tell moms smell
• Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks old
• Show preference for sweet taste
• Learn about world by using mouth

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Voice

• Cry becomes softer as lungs mature
• Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips,
  teeth, and vocal cords
• Tongue and mouth interior change making speech
  development possible

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Teeth

• Begin to develop in 6th week of pregnancy
• Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months
  of age
• Complete set by 20 months
• Teething can be a painful process
• Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire
  for liquid, coughing, and fever
• How to help minor teething pain
• Teething biscuits or rubber teething rings
• Rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily
• Teething medication

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Motor Skills

• Abilities that depend on use and control of
  muscles
• Mastering motor skills require intellectual,
  social, emotional, and physical development
• Control head by 1 month
• 2-3 months can lift their chest
• By 9 months, crawling, adds opportunity for
  learning

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Activity

• Make a list of toys and activities that help
  develop hand-eye coordination for infants.
• Choose 3-5 of the toys or activities off your
  list and provide colored illustrations for them.

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The Developing Brain
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Structure of the Brain
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Feeding a Baby
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Bottle Feeding

• Formula only until 1 year
• Formula and water only in bottle
• Hold bottle at angle
• Prevents swallowing air

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Bottle Warming

• Not necessary
• Safe heat water in pan on stove
• Heat until lukewarm
• Unsafe microwave
• Creates hot spots

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Sanitation

• Throw out left over formula from bottle
• Sterilize bottles
• Boiling water
• Dishwasher
• Both eliminate bacteria contamination

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Bottle Safety

• Never prop a bottle
• Miss physical contact
• Formula gushes
• Digestive problems
• Ear infections
• Tooth decay

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Types of Formula

• Powder, concentrate, ready to feed (RTF)

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Powder

• Mix with water
• 1 scoop per 2 oz water
• Make on needed basis

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Concentrate

• Dilute with water
• 1 can with 1 can water
• Use within 24 hours

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RTF

• No mixing required
• More expensive
• Use within 24 hours

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How much formula?

• 55 calories/pound each day
• Standard formula 20 calories per ounce
• Example How many ounces does a 12 pound baby
  need each day?

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Breastfeeding Basics
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Why Breastfeed?

• Healthy
• Free
• Bonding
• Natural
• Builds immune system
• Mom burns more calories and loses weight quicker

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How long should you breastfeed?

• Recommend 1st 6 months
• First milk- colostrum
• High in fat, protein, antibodies
• 20 minutes on each breast
• Feed on demand
• 5-6 wet diapers
• 3-4 dirty diapers

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Nutrition

• Avoid gassy foods
• Broccoli, green leafy vegetables, spicy foods
• Avoid alcohol
• pump and dump
• Moms diet becomes babys diet

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Breastfeeding vs Breast Pump

• Pumping is an alternative to breast feeding
• Use manual or electric pump
• Hand express
• Some babies cannot latch on
• Mother feels uncomfortable

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Storage

• Room temp 6-10 hrs
• Refrigerator 5-7 days
• Freezer 3-6 months

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Sanitation

• Clean breasts with warm water and dry towel after
  feeding
• Soap will remove natural oils
• Cause drying or cracking
• Can use a breast cream

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How to stop breastfeeding

• Slowly wean the baby
• Milk will eventually dry up
• Could experience engorgement
• Hand express to relieve discomfort