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PLAY: Infants and Toddlers

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PLAY: Infants and Toddlers Physical and Motor Development Rapid in growth and development (2 yrs). ... there are significant cognitive delays. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: PLAY: Infants and Toddlers


1
PLAY Infants and Toddlers
2
Physical and Motor Development
  • Rapid in growth and development (2 yrs).
  • Infants triple their weight in the first year
    increase in length by 75.
  • Growth is rapid but irratic. Growth occurs in
    spurts.
  • Growth can be described by two rules to
    development Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal.
  • The first 2 years of life is marked by rapid
    brain development.

3
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
  • Gross Motor Skills
  • --Lifting head
  • --Rolls over
  • --Sits propped up
  • --Sits without support
  • --Stands holding on
  • --Crawling/Walking
  • --Kicking/jumping
  • Fine Motor Skills Abilities in grasping objects
    (6 months). Clapping, Scribbling, Transferring
    objects from hand to hand (2yrs).

4
Variations in Physical/Motor Development in
Infancy
  • Variations in physical development tend to be
    related to gender, ethnicity, nutrition.
  • Girls tend to be slightly shorter
  • African-Americans tend to be larger and more
    advanced physically
  • Japanese infants tend to be smaller than
    Americans

5
What affects these variations in Physical
development
  • Prenatal Nutrition/Neonatal Malnutrition
  • Infants tend to be smaller/less developed
  • Brain development impacted
  • Infants born in institutions or low stimulation
    environments show significant cognitive and
    physical delays (in sitting-up walking).
  • Cultural Differences
  • Western culture varies with Uganda Jamaician
    cultures toward child holding and carrying
    practices.
  • Non-western cultures tend to develop motor skills
    faster.

6
Play and Motor Development
  • Infants are primarily sensorimotor and therefore
    play is limited to sensory stimulation and
    reflexes.
  • Manipulative Play. Initial play in which infant
    plays with body (fingers/toes). Grasping
    reflexes are prevalent in play as infants observe
    interesting objects and inspect thru grasping,
    oral exploration, banging.
  • Later part of infancy, infants develop greater
    ability to sit up and take in more stimuli.
    Also, greater control over motor skills (can not
    move hands across body and greater hand/eye
    coordination).

7
Toddlers Experience an New Environment
  • With growing ability to walk, experience a new
    environment of stimulation.
  • Greater usage of toys with wheels for pushing or
    pulling.
  • Greater usage of durable toys for punching or
    toys with buttons to push and things to turn.
    Basic puzzle themes are important.

8
Adult Roles in Motor Play
  • Adults facilitate motor growth/play by arranging
    a stimulating environment.
  • Provide stimuli (colorful and variety of sounds).
  • Encourage holding, mouthing, banging and
    rattling.
  • Arrange toys where they are obtainable and
    experimentable.
  • Ensure the variety of toys are childproof/safe.
  • Arrange soft, sturdy objects so older infants can
    experiment with standing and walking.
  • Provide tiny, soft food objects to facilitate use
    of fingers and promote self-feeding by older
    babies.
  • Use chairs, hassocks, or pushcarts to promote
    walking.
  • Demonstrate to toddlers and assist them in
    undressing skills.

9
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT INFANCY TODDLERHOOD
10
Cognitive Development
  • Piaget identified cognitive development as
    sensorimotor (0-2yrs).
  • Knowledge development is a function of senses and
    motor abilities to comprehend the world.
  • Development of object permanence.
  • Cognitive development is fostered by environment,
    nourishment, care, stimulation.
  • Positive and promoting environments stimulate
    brain development (synaptic links) that last
    throughout the 1st decade.
  • Unused synapses succumb to pruning.

11
Cognitive Development
  • Stimulating environment is essential while infant
    is resilient (Infant plasticity).
  • When infants are not stimulated, there are
    significant cognitive delays.
  • Neglect by parents
  • Stressful living conditions
  • Social deprivation
  • Poverty

12
Play and Cognitive Development
  • 8 to 12 months
  • Play evolves into Symbolic (Pretend) Play due to
    the emergence of object permanence.
  • 18 to 24 months
  • Play becomes more imaginative and planning is
    reflected.
  • Piaget Described 3 stages of play
  • Practice Play. Repetition of schemes (motor or
    verbal). Babbling or singing for practice.
  • Symbolic Play. Toddlers use language to describe
    the pretend action and demonstrate that the
    pretending has been planned
  • Games with rules.

13
Language Development
  • Infants display sensitivity to language during
    prenatal.
  • Within the 1st two years of life
  • Infants and toddlers are capable of speaking with
    a vocabulary ranging from 50 to 200 words.

14
Theories of Language Development
  • Behaviorist theory (B.F. Skinner) Language is
    acquired through operant conditioning. Adults
    reinforce accurate sounds toward language.
    Imitation/modeling.
  • Nativist theory (Noam Chomsky) Children have a
    biological predisposition to learning language.
    Coined Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
  • Interactionist theory (Lev Vytgotsky) Language
    is learned through socialization and interacting
    with other people within family and community
    context.

15
Language Development
  • Parentese
  • Adults adjust their style of communication to fit
    the infants stage of development. Implement
    high pitch, shorter sentence structure, and
    simpler vocabulary.
  • Holophrastic Speech
  • A childs responsiveness (smiles, gestures, and
    physical movements) and attempt to imitate the
    sounds of their parents speech.

16
Language Development Cont.
  • During 2nd yr of life
  • Children develop private speech and engages more
    into pretend play.
  • Social play is enacted to enhance language
    development. Parents also use telegraphic
    speech, which is play through questions
  • What colour
  • What colour blanket
  • What colour mop
  • What colour glass

17
Social Emotional Development
  • During the first 2 years
  • Freud Oral stage development
  • Erikson Trust/Mistrust Autonomy/Shame
  • Mahler Children develop an awareness of self.
    This awareness develops in two phases
  • Symbiosis (around 2 months)
  • Egocentric child fuses awareness of self with
    caregiver.
  • Separation-individuation (5 months)
  • With increasing awareness of self, the infant
    begins to explore beyond the relationship between
    infant and mom.

18
Play and Social Development
  • According to Watson
  • The game is not important to the infant because
    people play it, but rather people important to
    the infant because they play the game.
  • Peek-a-boo
  • Patti-cake
  • Attachment is fostered between parent/child when
    there is positive interaction.
  • This translates into later competence development
    among preschoolers.
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