International Immigration and the USA: 1965-present

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International Immigration and the USA
1965-present

• Migration Case Study

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America and the New Immigrants 1965 the
present

• 1990 foreign-born population is 8 (20 million)
• 2000 foreign-born population is 11 (28 million)
• 2008 foreign-born population is 12 (33 million)
• What about 2010? Role of current economic
  recession (2008-present)?

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Melting Pot Metros metropolitan areas with NO
racial/ethnic majority

• Miami-Fort Lauderdale 5.5 million
• Hispanics 40.3
• Whites 36.3
• African-American 20.6
• Asians 2.2

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• Los Angeles 16 million
• Hispanics 40.7
• Whites 39.0
• Asians 11.5
• African-American 7.8

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Close to melting pot metro status

• San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose 7.7 million
• Whites 50.6
• Asians 20.5
• Hispanics 19.7
• African-American 7.8

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• Chicago-Gary-Kenosha 9 million
• Whites 59.4
• African-American 18.8
• Hispanics 16.4
• Asians 4.7

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Diversity of the New Immigrants

• Diversity of origins (100s countries vs. 10s)
  every continent is well represented
• Ethnicity
• Language
• Religion
• Largest share Mexico (29.5 of total)
• Diversity of education and skills
• 33 are professional (H1B Visas)
• Labor Migrants (58)
• Entrepreneurial Immigrants (5)
• Political Refugees and Asylees (9)

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Other Key Differences with the past

• Internal Geography
• Very Metropolitan (urban)
• 95 metropolitan
• 5 rural/small town
• Highly concentrated pattern (71 in just 5
  states)
• California
• New York
• Texas
• New Jersey
• Illinois

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The end.off to Chapter 5 (language)
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What Explains this resurgence in immigration?

• The Conventional Wisdom (mostly wrong)
• Overpopulation
• Poverty
• Economic Stagnation
• Rather, well use the concept of Relative
  deprivation
• The Mechanic in Mexico
• The medical researcher in India
• IN THE CONTEXT of intensifying GLOBALIZATION

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A complex array of factors explain the New
Immigration

• 1. Legal Framework changes
• 2. Globalization
• a. US as a global culture
• b. Internationalization of Production
• c. New Labor Demand in the US
• G(entrification)
• H(igh tech)
• I(nformalization of manufacturing)
• 3. Specific Actors
• Universities
• The Military

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Changes in the legal framework

• 1965 Immigration Act
• Reverses the 1924 restrictions
• Removes quotas that favor Europe, and Europeans
• Family reunification
• Political Asylum considerations
• HB1 Visas

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Globalization

• US as a global culture

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• Internationalization of Production

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New Labor Demand in the US

• 1 Gentrification (when neighborhoods transition
  from working-class to professional class

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New Labor Demand in US

• 2 High-Tech
• HB1 Visa increase in tandem with high-tech boom
  of the 1990s
• Decrease after high-tech bust

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New Labor Demand in US

• 3 Informalization of Manufacturing
• Industrial sweatshops
• De-unionization
• Food processing/packaging has increased in
  relative importance.

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Other Contributing Factors

• 1 Universities
• American universities collectively are the
  largest grouping of post-secondary institutions
  in the world
• Much of cutting-edge research occurs in the US
  (although decreasing a share)
• 2 The role of the military
• Bases and operations
• Past examples Korea, Vietnam, Dominican
  Republic, Philippines
• Current examples Afghanistan, Iraq

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Geographic Propinquity (ie, proximity), gateway
centers, and Chain Migration Patterns (1965
present)

• Regional Variance
• San Francisco Mexico, Philippines
• Los Angeles Mexico, El Salvador
• Houston Mexico, El Salvador
• Chicago Mexico, Poland
• New York Dominican Republic, Jamaica
• Washington El Salvador, Korea
• Miami Cuba, Columbia

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New Immigrant Typology (types)

• 1. Labor Migrants (58)
• 2. Professional Immigrants (33)
• 3. Entrepreneurial Immigrants (5)
• 4. Political Refugees and Asylees (9)

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Median Household Income by Immigrant National
Group (1989)

• Above national average (32,000)
• Indians 48,320
• Iranians 35,836
• Greeks 33,500
• Around national average
• Irish 31,562
• Chinese 30,597
• Jamaicans 30,590
• Poles 29,964
• Below national average
• Mexicans 21,926
• Cambodians 19,671
• Ex USSR 19,125

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Labor Migrants

• Where from?
• Mexico
• Central America
• Eastern Europe
• Who?
• The most ambitious of the working class, not the
  poorest of the poor, relative depravation
• Why?
• Wage differentials
• Contract labor
• Marriage, family reunification
• Who supports and who doesnt?
• Dependent businesses support
• Unions sometimes do not
• Environmentalists sometimes do not

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Professional Immigrants

• Where from?
• China/Taiwan
• India
• Western Europe
• Why?
• Relative depravation, reach the upper tiers of
  their chosen career paths
• Role of technology in allowing for dual
  citizenship, and trans-national identity.
• Who?
• Technical elite, educated elite (HBI Visas)
• Who supports, who doesnt?
• Businesses generally support
• Environmentalists sometimes do not
• Property owners in fast-growing, high-tech areas

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Entrepreneurial Immigrants

• Where from?
• Korea
• India
• China

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Political Asylees

• Where from?
• Countries effected by US military campaigns
• Those from communist countries
• Those from countries considered by the US
  government to have dictatorial government
• Key distinction here is that is the decisions
  made by GOVERNMENT that matter
• Why?
• Human rights policy, geo-political strategy
• Who?
• Often displaced peasants, and middle-class
  business owners