Globalisation, Population Change and Migration

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Globalisation, Population Change and Migration
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Demography/Population

• Demographic (population) changes are an important
  part of globalisation.
• Demography has changed massively over the last 50
  years and is predicted to change even more in the
  next 50 years both in terms of population size
  and distribution.

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• Places that experience economic growth usually
  trigger an increase in the number of people
  living in region due to changes in the
• a)Birth rate
• b)Death rate
• c)Migration natural increase

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Population Growth Over Time

• The Industrial Revolution lead to fall in death
  rate and the birth rate due to benefits of
  modern healthcare, sanitation, nutrition and
  education
• Economic growth is normally coupled by population
  growth e.g. the UK went from 5 million in 1750 to
  40 million in 1900
• Similarly, India has boomed from 300 million to
  over a billion today
• However, population growths remain high when a
  countries birth rate does not drop due to
  cultural preferences for more children not
  changing this is the case in large parts of
  Africa

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The Demographic Transition Model
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Animation of population

• http//www.worldmapper.org/animations/wm01to02.htm
  l
• Read p 90-91 Philip Allan

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Population .worldmapper.org
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Countries
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Point at which real advances are seen in health
care, hygiene and medicine
During the 20th Century transportation increases
allowing more people to move around
However, even though wealthy countries may have
declining birth rates, Africa and Asia still
continue to
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Famous Migrations
Immigration to the USA has been going on since
the 16th Century. People from Europe have long
since considered the USA as a place of
opportunity and where anything is possible
And similarly migration to Australia has been
forced, as well as through choice in recent years
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Timeline of American Immigration

• Colonial settlement
• New Amsterdam (New York) founded 1626
• 95 from Northern Europe
• 70 from GB prisoners, puritans, adventurers
• Irish potato famine

First Wave of immigration 1492 - 1840

• 5 main groups of immigrants arrived in the first
  wave
• Irish Catholics
• German Catholics
• German Protestants
• English Protestants
• Scandinavian Protestants

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• Central and Eastern European settlers with many
  from rural backgrounds
• Reduction in urban life
• Opening of Ellis Island in 1892
• 12million processed 1892 1924
• 5000 a day
• Under went medical assessments
• 2 deported for medical and legal reasons
• 1/3 of Ellis Island immigrants stayed in New York
• Second wave mainly concentrated in New York
• The second wave added another four groups
• Catholics from Eastern Europe
• Catholics from Italy
• Jews from Russian and Eastern Europe
• Catholics from Canada

Second Wave of Immigration 1840 - 1920
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Third Wave of immigration 1970s - Present

• 1965 removal of quotas
• 650,000 legal immigrants
• 10million 1968 1990
• 10 European
• 40 Asian
• 50 of this was from the Americas, mainly into
  California
• LA becoming USAs primary gateway city (New York
  a continuing one)
• 2002 32.5 million foreign born persons living
  in America (11 of total popn)
• 13.5 million people arrived in the 1990s (44 of
  total nation foreign born popn)

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So what affects why and how people move around?

• You should hopefully remember that refer to these
  reasons as push and pull factors

Things that encourage people to leave the place
they live in
Things that draw/attract people to an area
Push and pull factors
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Task

• Create a table of push and pull factors
• Then colour code your factors into four
  categories economic, social, political and
  environmental

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Push Factors Pull Factors

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• Push factors
• Unemployment
• Lack of services/amenities
• Poor safety and security
• High crime rates
• Crop failure
• Drought
• Harsh climate (too hot or too cold)
• Flooding
• Poverty
• War

• Pull factors
• Employment/jobs available
• Better services (schools, hospitals etc)
• Safer area
• Low crime rate
• Fertile land for growing crops
• Good food supplies
• Less risk of natural hazards (drought, hurricanes
  etc)
• More wealth
• Stable political group
• Attractive climate (not too harsh)
• Better quality of life

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• Migrational change can lead to either a fall or
  rise in population
• A Net Migration gain occurs when more people
  immigrate than emigrate.
• A Net Migration loss occurs when more people
  emigrate than immigrate.
• The movement of people has led to a globalisation
  of population with diverse populations made up of
  many different beliefs, cultures and mixed
  societies.
• Migration is largely dependent on a combination
  of push and pull factors. However it is also
  largely dependent on the barriers facing a
  migrant known as intervening obstacles.
  Examples include
• Social obstacles e.g. family ties back home.
• Economic obstacles e.g. The cost of setting up a
  new home.
• Lack of information about destination e.g. Where
  to stay upon arrival.

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Lees migration model
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Intervening opportunity?

• An alternative migration destination that exists
  between the migrants place of origin and their
  destination
• E.G. Poles migrating to Ireland pass through
  London on route and instead settle there.

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New York

• As with most American cities, New York is a
  magnet to immigrants from all over the world
• Increasing population
• 1890 1,515,300
• 1920 5,620,000
• 19507,892,000
• 1910 40.4 foreign born, white population
• A continual target for immigration
• Mosaic of ethnic neighbourhoods which are re -
  colonized throughout history
• Anti immigrant attitudes are prevalent
  throughout time

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Other Groups

• Irish
• African American

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The world as we know it
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Net immigration
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Net emigration
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Why has globalisation been increasing since 1945?

• What do you think?

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Why is globalisation increasing?

• In 1945, when WW2 ended, worldwide economic
  reconstruction began and globalisation became
  noticeable. The factors that accelerate it
  were/are
• 1)Transport
• In the 1960s the Boeing 747 made international
  travel more common, and more recently, the
  expansion of cheap flight sectors has increased
  air travel e.g. Easyjet and Ryanair .
• Secondly containerisation (shipping goods) since
  the 1940s has increased globalisation.
• See Fig 7 p 76 Pearson
• 2) Transnational corporations (TNCs)
• These are firms with operations spread through
  out the world, operating in many nations as both
  makers and sellers of goods and services. Eg.
  Coca-Cola and McDonalds. The BBC is one too
  (interestingly part funded by the government of
  the UK). They have caused massive economic and
  cultural changes.

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• Computer internet (and media)
• Computer aided design (CAD) and manufacturing
  (CAM) have made manufacturing less human reliant
  allowing firms to become more footloose.
• And ICT has allowed video conferencing and
  emails, allowing TNCs to expand worldwide.
• Social networking eg Facebook, Skype and Twitter
• Home internet shopping
• Online education eg Open University
• Even on-line dating!!!
• Internet users 2000-2007
• http//www.worldmapper.org/animations/internet_use
  rs_animation.html

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• International organisations
• Such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
  which channels loans from worlds richest nations
  to countries which seek economic help. In return,
  the requesting country has to agree to
  free-market economies, which means TNCs can
  enter, promoting globalisation.
• The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and World Bank
  also work along side the IMF.
• Non-governmental organisations (NGOS) such as
  Oxfam, also have had major influence, working to
  connect places through aid and debt relief.
• Markets
• More people are resident in urban areas and are
  significant consumers of goods and services.
• In 2007 China already had 30 million affluent
  consumers and by 2015 it is expected to be the
  worlds largest market for consumer goods.
• The growth of major stock markets has been an
  important influence
• New stock markets have emerged eg Shanghai

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P92 Philip Allan

• Have a look at the post war globalisation timeline

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Gangnam Style

• http//www.globalization101.org/gangnam-style-take
  s-the-world-by-storm/
• The song Gangnam style by Korean pop (K-Pop)
  star Psy has surpassed all previous internet
  milestones and is now the most-watched video ever
  on YouTube. As of December 25th, the video was
  watched more than one billion times. From
  politicians to human rights activists to military
  officials, it has been parodied around the world
  by nearly every conceivable group. According to
  Wikipedia, in South Korea, Italy, Indonesia, and
  France, flash mobs of 12,000 to 20,000 people
  danced the songs signature moves.

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Xmas.globalisation at its best?

• P94 Philip Allan

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The Borderless World
This is the first photo ever taken of the Earth
from Apollo 11 in 1969. People had never seen the
Earth like this. From this point onwards people
began to view themselves as global citizens,
visiting and often relocating to distant
places This is especially true of the
international elite
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Who are the Elite? Film stars Musicians Celebri
ties Doctors and health care professionals Compute
r programmers Property developers Writers Academic
s Sportsmen Bankers
These people have desirable skills or money which
is highly prized by countries and they will be
allowed to move easily. EG there are 200,000
Americans living in the UK which is an example of
international migration
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Footballers

• P78 Pearson
• Actors
• Gerard Depardieu granted Russian citizenship
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20896894

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What about the normals?

• Since September 11th 2001 developed countries
  (particularly the USA) have become very concerned
  about immigration policies and numbers
• However, people in the poorest parts of the world
  are becoming increasingly aware of the affluent
  conditions that can be found in the richer
  countries, while at the same time being forced to
  move through natural disasters and conflict
• P 78-79 Pearson

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INTERNAL MOVEMENTS?

• Within countries internal migration too has
  increased.
• In the poor and emerging economies rural-urban
  migration dominates.
• This is for 2 reasons
• A)Media eg television, radio, books and newpapers
• B)Foreign Direct Investment mainly in urban
  areas

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Indian Spiderman by Marvel

• Economic or
• cultural globalisation?
• Glocalisation!!!!!!!!

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Task

• Read p 72-79 Pearson and p 88-96 Philip Allan
• Then answer P79 Pearson - Exam practice questions