The Holocaust

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The Holocaust
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Boycott of Jewish Businesses, 1933
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Nuremberg Laws, 1935
legalized discrimination id cards and Js on pa
ssports
curfews yellow stars ghettos
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Kristallnacht, November 1938
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SS Einsatzgruppen
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Heinrich Himmler, SS Chief
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Reinhard Heydrich, Gestapo Chief
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Albert Eichmann, SS Specialist on Jewish Affairs
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Rudolph Hoess, Auschwitz supervisor
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The Camps
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Was there a master plan to the Final Solution?
If I am ever really in power the destruction of
the Jews will be my first and most important job.
. . . The Jews will be hanged one after another
and they will stay hanging until they stink.
from a letter written by Hitler in 1922
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When did Hitler decide on the Final Solution?
Historians do not agree. It is generally
accepted that the decision was made to physically
exterminate the Jews in early to mid-1941 The
plan began to unfold sometime between the
invasion of the USSR in mid-1941 and January 1942
at the Wannsee Conference where the
administrative planning for the Final Solution
was finalized.
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Auschwitz, Poland
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Zyklon-B
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Did the Allies know?
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Bermuda Conference, April 1943
On the same day as the outbreak of the Warsaw
Ghetto revolt, British and American diplomats met
in Bermuda to discuss what might be done to help
European Jews. However, Rescue was not the
purpose of Bermuda. The purpose was to dampen
growing pressures for rescue. Bermuda was a
façade for inaction. David Wyman, Abandonment
of the Jews America and the Holocaust 1941-194
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Chiune and Yukiko Sugihara
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Liberation, 1945
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6 million Jews perished
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Non-Jewish Victims
15 million Soviets 2 million Poles 2 million
Greeks and Yugoslavs 200,000 gypsies Jehovahs
Witnesses Communists 10,000 homosexuals (est.
)
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Historians and the Holocaust
The Issue of Uniqueness Does the Holocaust con
stitute and event unique in European (even in
world) history?
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Eberhard Jäckel The Nazi extermination of the
Jews was unique because never before had a state,
under the responsible authority of its leader,
decided and announced that a specific group of
human beings, including the old, women, children
and infants, would be killed to the very last
one, and implemented this decision with all the
means at its disposal.
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Genocide
Is the guilt attaching to the intention to
destroy a whole people, regardless of the
variables of local culture and circumstance, even
of subjective identification (some died who did
not believe themselves to be Jews), different in
kind from the intention to kill an equal number
of individuals? Does the crime of genocide
inhabit a moral category of its own?
Inga Clendinnen, Reading the Holocaust
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Questions of Responsibility
A perpetrator is anyone who knowingly
contributed in some intimate way to the mass
slaughter of Jews, generally anyone who worked in
an institution of genocidal killings. This
includes all people who themselves too the lives
of Jews, and all those who set the scene for the
final lethal act, whose help was instrumental in
bringing about the deaths of Jews.
Daniel Golhagen, Hitlers Willing Executioners
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MotivesThe Goldhagen Thesis
The vast majority of the German people . . .
were aware of what their government and their
countrymen were doing to the Jews, assented to
their measures, and, when the opportunity
presented itself, lent their active support to
them because of a deep-rooted hatred of the
Jews, an eliminationist anti-Semitism nurtured
in Germany for long before the Nazis came to
power. Daniel Golhagen, Hitlers Willing Executio
ners
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vs. Christopher Browning
Revulsion against killing civilians was
overcome by a generalised notion of duty to
ones country and ones comrades rather than by
the invocation of a particular ideology.
Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men Reserve
Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in P
oland