Grammar I

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Grammar I
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• How do you know when you have a fragment?
• The sentence needs something else.

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1. The sentence is lacking a subject, a verb, or
both.

• TO FIX ATTACH TO ANOTHER SENTENCE OR ADD A
  SUBJECT OR VERB.
• On that morning I sat in my usual spot. On the
  old wooden stool in the corner of my
  grandmothers kitchen.
• On that morning I sat in my usual spot on the old
  wooden stool in the corner of my grandmothers
  kitchen.
• On that morning I sat in my usual spot. I loved
  that old wooden stool in the corner of my
  grandmothers kitchen.

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2. The sentence has both subject and verb but is
a dependent (or subordinate) clause and cant
stand aloneit leaves us expecting more.

• TO FIX ATTACH IT TO AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE OR
  TURN IT INTO AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE BY GETTING RID
  OF THE DEPENDENT MARKER.

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• ATTACH SUBORDINATE CLAUSES OR PHRASES OR TURN
  THEM INTO SENTENCES.
• Also that photojournalism is begging to grow
  rapidly, and will struggle for the real story.
• Although on the other hand I do believe that
  there can be too much of a good thing.

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Comma Splices and Run-ons

• These are very similar problemsthey both have
  two complete sentences (two independent clauses
  that could stand alone) shoved together. The
  comma splice shoves them together with a comma
  the run-on shoves them together with no
  punctuation at all.

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TO FIX

• USE A COMMA AND A COORDINATING CONJUNCTION (AND,
  BUT, OR, NOR, FOR, SO, YET).
• USE A SEMICOLON, OR OCCASIONALLY A DASH. A
  SEMICOLON CAN BE USED ALONE, OR IT CAN BE USED
  WITH A TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION (HOWEVER,
  THEREFORE).
• MAKE TWO SEPARATE SENTENCES.
• RESTRUCTURE THE SENTENCE, POSSIBLY BY
  SUBORDINATING ONE OF THE CLAUSES.

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• Every summer there is one mission trip, the trip
  switches every year between an international and
  national trip.
• Every summer there is one mission trip, and the
  trip switches every year between an international
  and national trip.

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• Children know very little, especially about
  religion, therefore it is the churchs mission to
  help children better understand what they are a
  part of.
• Since children know very little, especially about
  religion, it is the churchs mission to help
  children better understand what they are a part
  of.

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• The ice skaters photographed included Tonya
  Harding and Nancy Kerrigan, they were
  photographed practicing together (Para. 1).

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• Manipulation of photographs may also be defined
  by the smallest alterations made on photos such
  as cropping, although they may also be
  manipulated in a way by words which label them,
  labels may be deceiving by the usage of different
  tenses.

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• PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT
• The pronoun doesnt agree with the noun it
  modifies.

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Pronoun-antecedent agreement (P-A)

• This was not the only time the New York Newsday
  had to take responsibility for their actions, but
  one of the main incidents.
• These computer devises analyze images beyond its
  literal meanings regardless of what motions they
  appear to be.

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• PRONOUN REFERENCE
• Make sure your readers can tell exactly what noun
  your pronoun refers to.

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Pronoun Reference

• With the use of computers, it makes it easier for
  photos to be deceitful, but according to Stephens
  manipulating a photo is not used to be deceiving.
• In the article Expanding the Language of
  Photographs, originally published in Media
  Studies Journal, 1997, Mitchell Stephens talks
  about the way journalists alter photographs so
  that they could suit their magazines or their own
  personal opinions.

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• QUOTATIONS
• Make sure you incorporate quotes into your own
  sentences and use citations correctly.
• Make sure you get the quote right!

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Quotations

• Journalists well have unprecedented ability to
  shape the meanings their photograph, not just
  their sentences, can communicate (Expanding the
  Language of Photographs by Mitchell Stephens
  Paragraph 12).

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• POSSESSIVES
• Possessives indicate ownershipsomething belongs
  to the possessive noun.
• The only other time youll use apostrophes is
  with contractions (Im, its, theyre).

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Possessives

• Besides for use as evidence, photos are taken to
  remember ones past.
• However, in the first century and a half of
  their existence (para. 7), photos could not
  really speculate or depict the future, the way
  many journalists can do with their words.

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Transitions

• Transitions link your ideas together so that your
  writing flows smoothly and readers can follow
  your logic. Use transitions to let your audience
  know youre adding more ideas in the same
  direction use them to show that youre shifting
  directions or contrasting ideas.

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Transitions

• Photographs are often altered before they are
  printed. Stephens refers to a photographer using
  different lenses, screens and filters to make the
  exact shot that they wish to print. Dean of
  Columbia Graduate School of Journalism, Stephen
  D. Isaacs says a composite photograph is not the
  truth (paragraph 3). Stephens makes a strict
  point that manipulated photos must be clearly
  identified as being false to keep viewers from
  thinking they are true.

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Transitions

• Over the course of many years the media has seen
  several major magazines portray an event on their
  covers that never occurred. In the article,
  Stephen D. Isaacs states that, a composite
  photograph is not the truth.
• Dean David M. Rubin of Syracuse university argued
  that New York Newsday has taken leave of its
  ethical moorings (Para. 3). Manipulation of
  photographs may also be defined by the smallest
  alterations made on photos such as cropping, and
  transformations of colors.

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• PASSIVE VERBS AND WEAK CONSTRUCTIONS
• In humanities writing, try to use strong, active
  verbs as much as possible. Using active verbs
  will make your sentences clearer and more
  concise, and it will force you to be more
  specific in your writing.

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Passive Verbs and Weak Constructions

• In Newsday, on Feb. 16, 1994, an article was
  published in which the image provided was one
  that the event never occurred.
• In the article, it was said
• It was common to computer enhance images, but
  only as a joke or to make the image fit on the
  page.