INFECTION CONTROL

1
INFECTION CONTROL

• Policies protect people
• Micro-organisms
• Pathogens

2
BACTERIA

• Cell wall essential
• Endospores
• Resistant forms
• Regenerate
• RICKETTSIAE
• Identifying feature- animal cells
• Arthropods

3
VIRUSES

• Depend on host
• Difficult to create antiviral drugs
• FUNGI
• Single-celled yeast or molds
• Can cause opportunistic infections

4

• PRIONS
• Infectious proteins
• Replication??
• Resist natural defenses
• Irreversible neurological damage

• PROTOZOA
• Freeliving, single celled
• Some parasitic
• Some complicated life cycle

5
CYCLE OF INFECTION

• Factors involved in spread of disease
• All present to transmit infection or disease
• 1. Pathogenic organism
• 2. Reservoir of infection
• 3. Portal of Exit
• 4. Means of transmission
• 5. Portal of Entry
• 6. Susceptible Host
• Page 146

6
6 Means of Transmission

• 1. Direct Contact
• 2. Fomite
• 3. Vector
• 4. Vehicle
• 5. Airborne
• 6. Droplet

7
TERMS

• Iatrogenic Infection- complication of medical
  or surgical procedure
• Nosocomial infections hospital acquired
• 3rd day
• 90,000-98,000 pts/year
• Dirty hands, contaminated instruments, urinary
  catheters
• MRSA

8
OTHER DEFINITIONS

• Normal or Resident Flora
• Transient Flora
• Helminth- parasitic worms
• Phagocytosis

9
Blood and Airborne Pathogens

• 1980s HIV identified as cause of AIDS
• HIV - immune system compromised
• Blood and body fluids
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Airborne disease
• Detected by PPD or skin test

10
Hepatitis- inflammatory process affects liver

• Hep A and E food and water contaminated by
  feces
• Hep B, C, D are bloodborne
• Hep E is uncommon in U.S.
• Health care workers protect themselves
• (vaccine and Standard Precautions)
• Hep B can live in dried blood for 1 week
• Why is this important for HC worker??

11
THE BODYS DEFENSES

• Natural Resistance -
• Barriers
• Acquired Immunity-
• Vaccinations
• Passive Immunity-
• Temporary

-
12
Disease Emergence

• Increase exposure to vectors
• Migration to crowded cities
• International travel and transport
• Pathogen mutation- antibiotic overuse
• Breakdown in public health measures
• Bioterrorism

13
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

• Recommended by CDC in 1996
• Reduce transmission of infection
• BLOOD
• ALL BODY FLUIDS
• SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS (except sweat)
• NON- INTACT SKIN
• MUCOUS MEMBRANES

14
Isolating Patients

• CDC recommends Transmission-Based Precautions
• 1. Airborne precautions
• Reduce transmitting airborne droplets (TB)
• Wear particulate respirators
• Negative pressure rooms
• Doors to room remain closed

15

• Droplet precautions
• Reduce contact of large particles
• Wear surgical masks
• Contact precautions
• Reduce contamination w/ direct skin-to-skin
  contact
• Prevent transmission of MRSA, etc.
• Wear gown and gloves
• Combination Airborne and Contact precautions
• SARS, Chicken pox, etc.

16
Entering Isolation Area

• Both follow designated precautions
• Clean tech- handles equipment
• Dirty tech- handles patient
• Precautions - Compromised Patient
• Transplant, burn patient and newborns
• Reverse or Protective Isolation( protecting the
  Patient)
• How to Remove Isolation Attire p155-157