Reconstruction (1865-1876

1
Reconstruction (1865-1876
Reconstruction (1865-1876)
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua,
NY with additional slides by various publishers
and myself (Mr. Joel Cornwell)
2
Key Questions (Reconstruction)
Key Questions (Reconstruction)
1. How do webring the Southback into the Union?
4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe
process ofReconstruction?
2. How do we rebuild the South after
itsdestruction during the war?
3. How do weintegrate andprotect
newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?
3
Wartime Reconstruction
Wartime Reconstruction
4
President Lincolns Plan
President Lincolns Plan

• 10 Plan
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
  (December 8, 1863)
• Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the
  South.
• He didnt consult Congress regarding
  Reconstruction.
• Pardon to all but the highest ranking military
  and civilian Confederate officers.
• When 10 of the voting population in the 1860
  election had taken an oath of loyalty and
  established a government, it would be recognized.

5
President Lincolns Plan
President Lincolns Plan

• 1864 - Lincoln Governments formed in LA, TN, AR
• loyal assemblies
• They were weak and dependent on the Northern
  army for their survival.

6
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Required 50 of the number of 1860 voters to take
  an iron clad oath of allegiance (swearing they
  had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
• Required a state constitutional convention before
  the election of state officials.
• Enacted specific safeguards of freedmens
  liberties.

SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)
CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)
7
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

• Iron-Clad Oath.
• State Suicide Theory MA Senator Charles
  Sumner
• Conquered Provinces PositionPA Congressman
  Thaddeus Stevens

PocketVeto
PresidentLincoln
Wade-DavisBill
8
Jeff Davis Under Arrest
Jeff Davis Under Arrest
9
13th Amendment
13th Amendment

• Ratified in December, 1865.
• Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
  as punishment for crime whereof the party shall
  have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
  United States or any place subject to their
  jurisdiction.
• Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.

10
Freedmens Bureau (1865)
Freedmens Bureau (1865)

• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned
  Lands.
• Many former northern abolitionists risked their
  lives to help southern freedmen.
• Called carpetbaggers by white southern
  Democrats.

11
Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Freedmens Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
12
Freedmens Bureau School
13
Freedmens Bureau School
Freedmens Bureau School
14
Reconstruction Plans
Chapter 5, Section 1
Lincolns plan
Johnsons plan

• Each state could create a new
  constitution without Lincolns 10
  percent allegiance requirement.
• States had to void secession, abolish slavery,
  and repudiate the Confederate debt.
• Although it officially denied pardons to all
  Confederate leaders, Johnson often issued pardons
  to those who asked him personally.

• Denied pardons to officers and anyone who had
  killed African American war prisoners.
• Permitted each state to create a new constitution
  after 10 percent of voters took an oath of
  allegiance.

• Offered pardons to Southerners who swore
  allegiance.
• States could then hold elections and rejoin the
  Union.

15
Black Codes

• As southern states were restored to the Union,
  they began to enact black codes, laws that
  restricted freedmens rights. The black codes
  established virtual slavery with provisions such
  as these
• Curfews Generally, black people could not gather
  after sunset.
• Vagrancy laws Freedmen convicted of vagrancy
  that is, not working could be fined, whipped, or
  sold for a years labor.
• Labor contracts Freedmen had to sign agreements
  in January for a year of work. Those who quit in
  the middle of a contract often lost all the wages
  they had earned.
• Land restrictions Freed people could rent land
  or homes only in rural areas. This restriction
  forced them to live on plantations.

16
Presidential Reconstruction
Presidential Reconstruction
17
President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson

• Jacksonian Democrat.
• Anti-Aristocrat.
• White Supremacist.
• Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally
  left the Union.

Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
18
Andrew Johnson
19

• Andrew Johnson (p. 431)

20
President Johnsons Plan (10)
President Johnsons Plan (10)

• Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
  Confederate civil and military officers and
  those with property over 20,000 (they could
  apply directly to Johnson)
• In new constitutions, they must accept
  minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession
  and state debts.
• Named provisional governors in Confederate states
  and called them to oversee elections for
  constitutional conventions.

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state
organizations.
EFFECTS?
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
21
Growing Northern Alarm
Growing Northern Alarm!

• Many Southern state constitutions fell short of
  minimum requirements.

• Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

• Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES
22
Slavery is Dead?
Slavery is Dead?
23
Black Codes

• Purpose
• Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks
  were emancipated.
• Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race
  relations.
• Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers
  tenant farmers.

24
Congress Breaks with the President

• Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates.
• Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
• February, 1866 - Presidentvetoed the
  FreedmensBureau bill.
• March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights
  Act.
• Congress passed both bills over Johnsons vetoes
  - 1st in U. S. history!!

25
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed because I vindicate the
Union and the preservation of this government in
its original purity and character, let it be
shed let an altar to the Union be erected, and
then, if it is necessary, take me and lay me upon
it, and the blood that now warms and animates my
existence shall be poured out as a fit libation
to the Union.
(February 1866)
26
Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction
27
14th Amendment

• Ratified in July, 1868.
• Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights
  and security of freed people.
• Insure against neo-Confederate political power.
• Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that
  of the Confederacy.
• Southern states would be punished for denying the
  right to vote to black citizens!

28
The Balance of Power in Congress
State White Citizens Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
MS 353,000 436,000
LA 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
29
The 1866 Midterm-Election

• A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
• Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour
  around the country to push his plan.
• Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses
  and gained control of every northern state.

30
Radical Plan for Readmission

• Civil authorities in the territories were subject
  to military supervision.
• Required new state constitutions, includingblack
  suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th
  Amendments.
• In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that
  authorized the military to enroll eligible black
  voters and begin the process of constitution
  making.

31
Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Military Reconstruction Act
• Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
  that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.
• Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5
  military districts.
• Command of the Army Act
• The President must issue all Reconstruction
  orders through the commander of the military.
• Tenure of Office Act
• The President could not remove any officials
  esp. Cabinet members without the Senates
  consent, if the position originally required
  Senate approval.

32
Military Reconstruction Act
33
The Tenure of Office Act

• Designed to protect radical members of Lincolns
  government.
• Question of the constitutionality of this law.

Edwin Stanton
34
President Johnsons Impeachment

• Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.
• Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
  more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
• The House impeached him on February 24
  before
  even
  drawing up the
  charges by a
  vote of 126 47!

35
The Senate Trial

• 11 week trial.
• Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of
  required 2/3s vote).

36
The Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act

• The Civil Rights Act
• Republicans in Congress blamed President Johnson
  for the southern Democrats return to Congress.
• To put an end to Johnsons Reconstruction, the
  Congress tried to bypass the President by making
  amendments to the Constitution.
• In early 1866 Congress passed the Civil Rights
  Act which outlawed the black codes.
• Johnson vetoed the measure, but Congress overrode
  the Presidents veto.

• The Fourteenth Amendment
• Congress decided to build equal rights into the
  Constitution.
• In June 1866, Congress passed the Fourteenth
  Amendment, which states
• All persons born or naturalized in the United
  Statesare citizens of the United States and of
  the state wherein they reside. No State shall
  make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
  privileges of citizens of the United States nor
  shall any State deprive any person of life,
  liberty, or property without due process of the
  law

37
Radical Reconstruction

• The congressional Republicans who drafted the
  Fourteenth Amendment consisted of two major
  groups. One group was the Radical Republicans.
  Radicals were small in number but increasingly
  influential. Most Republicans, however, saw
  themselves as moderates. In politics, a moderate
  is someone who supports the mainstream views of
  the party, not the more extreme positions.
• Moderates and Radicals both opposed Johnsons
  Reconstruction policies, opposed the spread of
  the black codes, and favored the expansion of the
  Republican Party in the South.
• Moderates were not in favor of the Radicals goal
  of granting African Americans their civil rights,
  or many of the personal liberties guaranteed by
  law, such as voting rights and equal treatment.
• President Johnson continued to oppose equal
  rights for African Americans. Northern voters
  responded by sweeping Radical Republicans into
  Congress.

38
The Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Calling for reform not revenge, Radicals in
  Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867.
  These were its key provisions
• 1. Southern states would be under military rule
  by northern generals.
• 2. Southern states would have to create new state
  constitutions.
• 3. States would be required to give the vote to
  all qualified male voters (including African
  Americans).
• 4. Supporters of the Confederacy were temporarily
  barred from voting.
• 5. Southern states were required to guarantee
  equal rights to all citizens.
• 6. All states were required to ratify the
  Fourteenth Amendment.
• In 1868, President Johnson was impeached
  charged with wrongdoing in the officeby the
  Radical Republicans in the House of
  Representatives.
• The Senate tried President Johnson for high
  crimes and misdemeanors, but Johnson escaped
  removal from office by one vote.
• Johnson served the remaining months of his term
  with no mandate and no real power. In the
  following election, he was defeated by Ulysses S.
  Grant.

39
III. Congressional Reconstruction triumphant

• Actions in Congress early in 1867
• Extension of suffrage in the District of Columbia
• Requirement that new Congress convene
• Command of the Army Act
• Tenure of Office Act
• Military Reconstruction Act
• Key provisions for black suffrage and the
  Fourteenth Amendment
• Tennessee exempted
• Military districts

40
III. Congressional Reconstruction triumphant
(cont)

• Later Reconstruction Acts to plug loopholes
• Constitutional issues and the Supreme Court
• Congress limits the Supreme Court
• Texas v. White
• Effort to remove Johnson
• Impeachment
• Johnsons actions
• Failure of first effort to impeach
• Violation of Tenure of Office Act
• Articles of impeachment

41
III. Congressional Reconstruction triumphant
(cont)

• Trial
• Arguments
• Acquittal
• Role of Edmund Ross
• Ramifications
• Crippled presidency
• Johnsons loss in 1868
• Radicals
• Morale damaged
• Radical Reconstruction began

42
III. Congressional Reconstruction triumphant
(cont)

• Radical rule in the South
• Readmission of southern states
• Duration of Radical control
• Role of the Union League prior to Reconstruction

43
18_4.jpg
44
18_11.jpg
45
18_12.jpg
46
The Grant Administration (1868-1876)
47
The 1868 Republican Ticket
48
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
49
Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican Southern Strategy
50
1868 Presidential Election
51
President Ulysses S. Grant
52
Grant Administration Scandals

• Grant presided over an era of unprecedented
  growth and corruption.

• Credit Mobilier Scandal.
• Whiskey Ring.
• The Indian Ring.

53
The Tweed Ring in NYC
William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany
Halls political machine) Thomas Nast ?
crusading cartoonist/reporter
54
Who Stole the Peoples Money?
55
The Panic of 1873

• It raises the moneyquestion.
• debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy
  bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.
• creditors, intellectuals support hard money.
• 1875 - Specie Redemption Act.

• 1876 - Greenback Party formed makes gains in
  congressional races ? The Crime of
  73!

56
Legal Challenges

• The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
• Bradwell v. IL (1873)
• U. S. v. Cruickshank (1876)
• U. S. v. Reese (1876)

57
Black "Adjustment" in the South
58
Sharecropping
59
Sharecropping and the Cycle of Debt
1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no
homes, and no money to buy land.
5. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as
he is in debt to the landlord.
2. Poor whites and freedmen sign contracts to
work a landlords acreage in exchange for a part
of the crop.
4. At harvest time, the sharecropper owes more to
the landlord than his share of the crop is worth.
3. Landlord keeps track of the money that
sharecroppers owe him for housing and food.
60
Tenancy the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60 interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds lien mortgage on part of tenants future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmers future crop.
61
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in
the South
62
Black White Political Participation
63
Black Politicians from Reconstruction
64
Black Senate House Delegates
65
Colored Rulein the South?
66
Blacks in Southern Politics

• Core voters were black veterans.
• Blacks were politically unprepared.
• Blacks could register and vote in states since
  1867.

• The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal
  voting.

67
The Fifteenth Amendment

• In February 1869, Congress passed the Fifteenth
  Amendment, granting African American males the
  right to vote.
• In 1867 and 1868, voters in southern states chose
  delegates to draft new state constitutions. One
  quarter of the delegates elected were black.
• The new state constitutions guaranteed civil
  rights, allowed poor people to hold political
  office, and set up a system of public schools and
  orphanages.
• In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative
  elections for the first time. More than 600
  African Americans were elected to state
  legislatures, Louisiana gained a black governor,
  and Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first
  African American elected to the Senate.

68
The Republican South

• During Radical Reconstruction, the Republican
  Party was a mixture of people who had little in
  common except a desire to prosper in the postwar
  South. This bloc of voters included freedmen and
  two other groups carpetbaggers and scalawags.
• Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar
  South became known as carpetbaggers. Southerners
  gave them this insulting nickname, which referred
  to a type of cheap suitcase made from carpet
  scraps. Carpetbaggers were often depicted as
  greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast
  buck.
• White southern Republicans were seen as traitors
  and called scalawags. This was originally a
  Scottish word meaning scrawny cattle. Some
  scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed
  secession. Some were small farmers who resented
  the planter class. Many scalawags, but not all,
  were poor.

69
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

• Sharecropping
• A family farmed a portion of a planters land.
• As payment, the family was promised a share of
  the crop at harvest time.
• After the harvest, some planters evicted the
  sharecroppers without pay or charged the
  sharecroppers for housing and other expenses, so
  that the sharecroppers were in debt at the end of
  the year.
• Many sharecropping families were in dept to the
  planters and trapped on the plantation.

• Tenant Farming
• Tenant farmers did not own the land they farmed.
• The tenant farmer paid to rent the land and chose
  which crops to plant and how much to work.
• Tenant farming created a class of wealthy
  merchants who sold supplies on credit.
• Sharecropping and tenant farming encouraged
  planters to grow cash crops, such as cotton,
  tobacco, and sugar cane. The South had to import
  much of its food.

70
15th Amendment

• Ratified in 1870.
• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any state on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude.
• The Congress shall have power to enforce this
  article by appropriate legislation.
• Womens rights groups were furious that they were
  not granted the vote!

71
Negro Suffrage Amendment Cartoon
72
First Black Voter
73
Emancipation Rally
74
Spreading Terror

• The Federal Response
• In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed a series of
  anti-Klan laws.
• The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of
  terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from
  voting.
• Other laws banned the KKK and used the military
  to protect voters and voting places.
• As federal troops withdrew from the South, black
  suffrage all but ended.

• The Ku Klux Klan
• The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party
  in the South by intimidating voters.
• They wanted to keep African Americans as
  submissive laborers.
• They planted burning crosses on the lawns of
  their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or
  murdered them.
• Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and
  scalawags became their victims.

75

• Klan Portrait (p. 445)

76

• Nathan Bedford Forrest in Uniform, c. 1865 (p.
  446)

77

• KKK Flag (p. 447)

78
Worse than Slavery Cartoon
79
The Invisible Empire of the South
80
The Failure of Federal Enforcement

• Enforcement Acts of 1870 1871 also known as
  the KKK Act.

• The Lost Cause.
• The rise of theBourbons.
• Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

81
The Civil Rights Act of 1875

• Crime for any individual to deny full equal use
  of public conveyances andpublic places.
• Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.
• Shortcoming - lacked a strong
  enforcement mechanism.
• No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90
  years!

82
The Abandonment of Reconstruction
83
Northern Support Wanes

• Grantism corruption.
• Panic of 1873 6-yeardepression.
• Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.
• Key monetary issues
• should the government retire 432m worth of
  greenbacks issued during the Civil War.
• should war bonds be paid back in specie
  orgreenbacks.

84
The Election of 1872

• Spoilsmen v. reformers.
• Rumors of corruption during Grants first term
  discredit Republicans.
• Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublic
  an candidate.
• Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.
• Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

85
1872 Presidential Election
86
Popular Vote for President 1872
87
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
88
1876 Presidential Tickets
89
Regional Balance?
90
1876 Presidential Election
91
The Political Crisis of 1877

• Corrupt BargainPart II?

92
The Compromise of 1877

• The presidential election of 1876 was disputed.
  Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote, but
  the electoral vote was contested.
• Democrats submitted a set of tallies showing
  Samuel Tilden, who had the support of the Solid
  South, as the winner.
• Finally, the two parties made a deal. In what
  became known as the Compromise of 1877, the
  Democrats agreed to give Hayes the victory. In
  return, the new President agreed to support
  appropriations for rebuilding the levees along
  the Mississippi River and to remove the remaining
  federal troops from southern states.
• The compromise opened the way for Democrats to
  regain control of southern politics and marked
  the end of Reconstruction.

93
Hayes Prevails
94
Alas, the Woes of Childhood
Sammy TildenBoo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayess got my
Presidency, and he wont give it to me!
95
A Political Crisis The Compromise of 1877
96
Reconstruction Map
97
Election of 1876 Map
98
Cities and Industry

• Southern leaders saw the industrialized northern
  economy and realized a unique opportunity to
  build an industrialized economy in the South.
• Atlanta, the city that had been burned to the
  ground by Shermans army, began to rebuild and
  was becoming a major metropolis of the South.
• One problem with the industrialization of the
  South was that most southern factories handled
  the earlier, less profitable stages of
  manufacturing. The items were shipped north to be
  made into finished products and sold.

99
Funding Reconstruction

• Rebuilding the Souths infrastructure, the public
  property and services that a society uses, was
  one giant business opportunity.
• Roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph
  lines had to be rebuilt.
• Funds were also needed to expand services to
  southern citizens. Following the Norths example,
  all southern states created public school systems
  by 1872.
• Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid
  for Reconstruction. Spending by Reconstruction
  legislatures added another 130 million to
  southern debt.
• Much of this big spending was lost to corruption.
  The corruption became so widespread that it even
  reached the White House.

100
An End to African American Suffrage
101
Successes and Failures of Reconstruction