CHAPTER 16: POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1
CHAPTER 16 POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
2
POPULATION DYNAMICS

• Demographythe scientific study of human
  populations
• Demography examines size, composition,
  distribution, and the changes and causes of these
  characteristics

1
3
Population Dynamics

• Populationa collection of people who share a
  geographic territory
• Populations vary in size from a small town to the
  planet.

1
4
The World's Population

• The global population has grown rapidly since
  1750.
• It reached 1 billion in 1804, 6.5 billion by
  2005, and is expected to reach 9.4 billion by
  2050.

1
5
The Worlds Population

• Fertilitythe number of babies born in a
  particular society
• Crude birth ratethe number of live births per
  1,000 population in a given year
• In 2008, the CBR was 21 worldwide, 37 for Africa,
  and 14 for the U.S.

1
6
The Worlds Population

• Birth rates vary within a country.
• In the U.S., birth rates are higher for younger
  women, recent immigrants, and those with low
  income and education levels.

1
7
Discussion

• Why are birth rates higher for some populations
  than others?

1
8
The Worlds Population

• Mortalitythe number of deaths in a population
• Crude death ratethe number of deaths per 1,000
  people in a population in a given year
• In 2008, the crude death rate worldwide was 8.

1
9
The Worlds Population

• Infant mortality ratethe number of deaths among
  infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births
• In 2008 infant mortality was 49 for the world,
  6.5 for the U.S., and 163 for Afghanistan.

1
10
The Worlds Population

• Life expectancythe average number of years that
  people who were born at the same time will live.
• In 2008, worldwide the average life expectancy
  was 68.
• The U.S. had a life expectancy of 78, below at
  least 25 other developed countries.

1
11
Discussion

• What causes the differences in life expectancy
  and mortality rates?

1
12
The Worlds Population

• Migrationthe movement of people into or out of a
  specific geographic area
• Push factors encourage or force people to leave a
  residence. Examples are war, religious
  persecution, or unemployment.
• Pull factors attract people to a new location.
  Examples are employment opportunities, religious
  freedom, and lower crime rates.

1
13
The Worlds Population

• International migrationthe movement across a
  national border
• Emigrants move out of a country.
• Immigrants move into a country.
• Internal migrationmovement within a country

1
14
Application

• Identify the type of migration and push or pull
  factors.
• Martha's family moved from Mexico to Texas for
  better employment opportunities.
• A family moved from Afghanistan to the U.S. to
  escape war.
• A young man moved from Montana to Seattle to
  pursue an interest in music.

15
Population Composition and Structure

• Sex ratiothe proportion of men to women in a
  group
• 100equal numbers of men and women
• 95fewer males than females
• 105fewer females than males

1
16
Discussion

• What causes the sex ratio to be different for
  different populations?
• What effects do different sex ratios have?

1
17

• Population pyramida visual representation of the
  age and sex structure of a population at a given
  point in time
• Population pyramids allow demographers to predict
  future needs of a population. For example, an
  aging population will require more long-term
  health care.

1
18
Population Growth

• Malthusian theorythe belief that the population
  is growing faster than the food supply needed to
  sustain it.
• Thomas Malthus, in 1798, maintained that
  population grows at a geometric rate while food
  grows at an arithmetic rate. Population will out
  distance food supply.

1
19
Population Growth

• Prevention checks include war, famine, disease,
  and moral restraint.
• Neo-Mathusians agree that the world population is
  exploding beyond food supplies. Earth has become
  a dying planet with increasing population and
  pollution.

1
20
Population Growth

• Demographic transition theory maintains that
  population growth is kept in check and stabilizes
  as countries experience economic development.
• Population growth changes as societies undergo
  industrialization, modernization, technological
  advancements, and urbanization.

1
21
Population Growth

• A nation goes through 4 stages
• Stage 1 Preindustrial societies with high birth
  rates and high death rates
• Stage 2 Early industrialization with
  significant population growth because of high
  birth rates but lower death rates

1
22
Population Growth

• Stage 3 Advanced industrialization with lower
  birth rates and death rates and a lower
  population growth rate
• Stage 4 Postindustrial societies with low
  births and low death rates and population growth
  stability or even decrease.

1
23
Population Growth

• Many nations are experiencing zero population
  growth. Each woman has no more than two children
  resulting in a stable population.

1
24
Discussion

• Which is correct, Malthusian theory or
  demographic transition theory?

1
25
URBANIZATION

• Urbanization is the movement of people from rural
  areas to cities.
• In 2008, for the first time in history, a
  majority of the world's population lived in urban
  areas.
• The Industrial Revolution created a surge in
  urbanization as people moved to cities in search
  of jobs and improved living conditions.

2
26
Urbanization

• Megacities, metropolitan areas with at least 10
  million inhabitants, are becoming more common.
• The U.S. has two megacities, New York-Newark and
  Los Angeles.

2
27
Urbanization in the U.S.

• Eighty-five percent of the counties losing
  population in recent years are rural.
• Fastest growing counties are just outside of
  urban areas.
• Suburbanizationmovement from cities to the areas
  surrounding them.
• Today more than 60 of Americans reside in
  suburbs.

2
28
Consequences of Urbanization

• Urban sprawlthe rapid, unplanned, and
  uncontrolled spread of urban development into
  neighboring regions
• Urban sprawl results in loss of farmland,
  wildlife habitats, forests, and open recreational
  areas.

2
29
Consequences of Urbanization

• The use of automobiles has increased along with
  the cost of purchasing and maintaining them and
  resultant air pollution.

2
30
Consequences of Urbanization

• Gentrificationthe process of buying and
  renovating houses and stores by middle-class and
  affluent people in downtown urban neighborhoods
• Gentrification revitalizes urban areas and
  augments taxes but results in displacement of
  low-income people and small business.

2
31
Consequences of Urbanization

• Racial segregation continues to exist in cities.
  As the suburbs expanded, low-income African
  Americans were left in the central cities with
  few housing and employment choices.

2
32
Sociological Explanations of Urbanization

• Functionalists developed theories of urban
  ecologythe study of the relationships between
  people and their urban environment.
• Theories analyzed the growth of cities into
  different patterns, such as concentric zones, as
  residents' needs were met.

2
33
Sociological Explanations of Urbanization
2
34
Sociological Explanations of Urbanization

• The new urban sociology has been heavily
  influenced by conflict theory.
• Economic and political factors determine urban
  growth or decline.
• Urban changes are influenced by the dominant
  social class and powerful capitalists.

2
35
Sociological Explanations of Urbanization

• Feminist scholars emphasize gender-related
  constraints caused by capitalism.
• Poor women and minorities have the least access
  to decent housing.
• Safe public transportation and other public areas
  are limited. Many women fear for their physical
  safety.

2
36
Sociological Explanations of Urbanization

• Symbolic interactionists are interested in the
  impact of urban life on its residents.
• Urbanism is a way of life characterized by
  tolerance of different lifestyles but superficial
  interaction and social isolation.

2
37
Application

• Identify the theoretical perspective functional,
  conflict, feminist, interactional.
• People create suburbs to enhance their quality of
  life.
• Financial institutions determine the shape of
  cities.
• Urbanites are more socially isolated than those
  in rural areas.

38
Discussion

• What aspects of city life are beneficial to the
  residents?
• What aspects of city life are problems for the
  residents?

2
39
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

• An ecosystem involves a physical environment and
  all forms of life living in relation to one
  another.

3
40
Access to Clean Water

• Worldwide
• More than 1 billion people do not have clean
  water.
• Almost 6 billion do not have adequate sanitation.
• Almost 2 million children die every year because
  of contaminated water.
• Water-related diseases are the single largest
  cause of sickness and death.

3
41
Threats to the Water Supply

• Pollution
• More than half of the world's rivers are polluted
  by untreated sewage and industrial waste.
• Human activities account for about 40 percent of
  the highly toxic mercury emissions in the U.S.

3
42
Threats to the Water Supply

• Privatization
• Transferring some or all of the assets or
  operations of public water systems into private
  hands
• Bottled water contributes to greenhouse gases,
  depletion of local water sources, and plastic
  bottle waste.

3
43
Threats to the Water Supply

• Mismanagement
• Most water-related problems are due to human
  mismanagement, corruption, and bureaucratic
  bungling.
• The Clean Water Act is rarely enforced.
• Many water and sewage pipes are old and
  deteriorating.

3
44
Air Pollution and Global Warming

• The most common sources of air pollution are
• Fossil fuels
• Factories
• Winds blowing contaminants to other countries
• Government policies including lack of enforcement
  of pollution law

3
45
Air Pollution and Global Warming

• The greenhouse effecta rise in the earth's
  temperature due to atmospheric gases that allow
  the sun's light to enter but traps the heat
• Global warmingincreased temperature of the
  earth's atmosphere caused, in part, by human
  activities

3
46
Air Pollution and Global Warming

• Global warming results in rising sea levels and
  intense droughts, floods, and storms.

3
47
Sustainable Development

• Sustainable development refers to economic
  activities that meet the needs of the present
  without threatening the environmental legacy of
  future generations.

3
48
Discussion

• Should we be optimistic or pessimistic about the
  environmental future?
• What should be done about our environmental
  future?

3
49
Internet Connections

• How do people understand what goes on in cities?
  What types of communications take place in public
  spaces? These are a few of the questions that the
  Urban Archives group at the University of
  Washington is interested in exploring. Comprised
  of a broad range of individuals, the Urban
  Archives group hopes "to create a conversation
  between scholars, artists and activists
  interested in a variety of issues related to
  communication in public spaces." In the Digital
  Collections area, visitors can look at yard art,
  electric signs, graffiti, windows, and ghost
  signsfading advertisement images and murals. The
  groups weblog seeks to document changes in the
  urban landscape of Seattle, and it does a good
  job through its thoughtful posts and accompanying
  images.
• For more information, visit
• http//www.urbanarchives.org

50
Internet Connections

• Over the past several decades, the European Union
  has grown increasingly concerned about the
  ever-growing amount of trash and other assorted
  rubbish across Europe. Ever year, E.U. countries
  throw away approximately 1.3 billion metric tons
  of waste, along with approximately 700 million
  metric tons of agricultural waste. With that in
  mind, they established a unified approach to
  waste management and disposal. Europa
  Environment and Waste provides both information
  on this approach and details about related
  matters, including the dismantling of ships,
  sewage treatment, and the incineration of waste.
  After reading the brief introduction on the
  homepage, visitors can look over the thematic
  list of topics along the left-hand side of this
  page. In each area, visitors can read about
  various activities, including proposed
  legislation, working papers, and scientific
  reports. Two sections which should not be
  overlooked include the "Sustainable Use of
  Natural Resources" and the "Integrated Product
  Policy" areas.
• For more information, visit
• http//ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.h
  tm