The “Forgotten War” in Korea, 1950-1953

1
The Forgotten War in Korea, 1950-1953

• Bombing of Wonsan, North Korea Korean War
  Memorial, Washington D.C.
• (July 1951) (dedicated in July 1995)

2
National Security Council Paper No. 68
(NSC-68),1950

• the Soviet Union, unlike previous aspirants to
  hegemony, is animated by a new fanatic faith,
  antithetical to our own, and seeks to impose its
  absolute authority over the rest of the world.
  Conflict has, therefore become endemic and is
  waged, on the part of the Soviet Union, by
  violent and non-violent methods in accordance
  with the dictates of expediency. With the
  development of increasingly terrifying weapons of
  mass destruction, every individual faces the
  ever-present possibility of annihilation should
  the conflict enter the phase of total war
• The issues that face us are momentous,
  involving the fulfillment or destruction not only
  of this Republic but of civilization itself. They
  are issues which will not await our
  deliberations. As for the policy of
  containment, it is one which seeks by all means
  short of war to (1) block further expansion of
  Soviet power, (2) expose the falsities of Soviet
  pretentions, (3) induce a retraction of the
  Kremlins control and influence and (4) in
  general, so foster the seeds of destruction
  within the Soviet system that the Kremlin is
  brought at least to the point of modifying its
  behavior to conform to generally accepted
  international standards.
• Source "A Report to the National Security
  Council - NSC 68"

3
WHY WAS NSC-68 SO APOCALYPTIC?

• NSC-68 classified top secret until 1975
• Context Soviet atomic bomb (1949)
• Communist victory in China
  (1949)
• McCarthyism (1950-55)
• Berlin Blockade (1948-49)
• Korean War (1950-53)
• Result US defense spending jumped from 13
  billion in 1950 to 50 billion in 1953 (hydrogen
  bomb, 1952)
• Kennan opposed NSC-68 as shift in goals from
  creating strength in the West (defensive
  containment strategy) to destroying strength in
  Russia (offensive liberation strategy)
• Even Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson opposed
  fear of bankruptcy
• Secretary of State Dean Acheson and his aides
  later agreed, Korea came along and saved us.
  quoted from LaFebers America, Russia, and the
  Cold War

4
The Korean War, 1950-53

• January 1950 Secretary of State Dean Achesons
  National Press Club speech declared South Korea
  outside U.S. defense perimeter
• June 25, 1950 North Korean surprise attack on
  South Korea
• June 25-27, 1950 Trumans surprise--2 UN
  resolutions to send U.S. armed forces to Korea,
  but no U.S. declaration of war from Congress
• October 7, 1950 UN forces crossed 38th parallel
  into North Korea (based on U.S.-written UN
  resolution)
• October 8, 1950 Mao Zedong mobilized Chinese
  troops
• October 19, 1950 260,000 Chinese troops moved
  into Korea
• November 30, 1950 Truman mentioned potential use
  of atomic bomb in press conference Mao was
  reportedly not impressed
• January 4, 1951 Communist forces captured Seoul
• March 1951 fighting stabilized roughly at prewar
  boundary
• April 11, 1951 Truman dismissed General
  MacArthur MacArthur called for the impeachment
  of Truman and Acheson
• July 27, 1953 cease-fire agreement ended the
  Korean War
• Casualties 54,260 US soldiers died
• 600,000 Chinese soldiers died
  in combat
• 2 million Korean soldiers and
  civilians died
• Map CNN - Cold War

5
The Korean War Debate

• Causes
• Gaddis Stalin started Korean War by authorizing
  North Korean invasion
• LaFeber both superpowers trapped in a bloody
  civil war between left-wing and right-wing
  Koreans (that had claimed 100,000 lives between
  1946 and 1950)
• Significance
• Gaddis U.S. refrained from using atomic weapons
  both super-powers covered up direct military
  engagement of Soviet and American fighter planes
  over Korean peninsula
• LaFeber U.S. invaded North Korea replacing
  containment with liberation Cold War turned
  global (shift from Europe to Asia)
• Consequences
• Gaddis shock of North Korean attack almost as
  great as Pearl Harbor, its consequences for
  Washingtons strategy at least as profound
• LaFeber NSC-68, U.S. defense spending tripled,
  Germany rearmed, US military commitment to
  Vietnam and Taiwan, McCarthyism, increase in
  presidential power, change in UN mobilization
  (Uniting for Peace)
• Sources John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War A New
  History (New York Penguin Press, 2005) Walter
  LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War,
  1945-2006 (New York McGraw-Hill, 2006).

6
The Rosenberg Case

• July/August 1950 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
  arrested, charged with passing nuclear weapons
  secrets to the Soviet Union, charged for
  conspiracy to commit espionage
• March 1951 conviction and death sentence under
  Section 2 of the 1917 Espionage Act, which
  prohibits transmitting or attempting to transmit
  to a foreign government information "relating to
  the national defense"
• June 19, 1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
  executed despite worldwide protests (including
  Pope Pius XIIs clemency appeal to President
  Eisenhower)the only two American civilians
  executed for espionage during the Cold War
• 1953 U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix
  Frankfurter characterized the Rosenberg trial as
  the most disturbing single experience during
  my term of service on the Court and concluded
  that the Rosenbergs were tried for conspiracy
  and sentenced for treason.
• Controversy Venona transcripts support espionage
  allegations for Julius Rosenberg, but not for
  Ethel Rosenberg political climate of the time
  prevented fair trial sentence too harsh (in
  comparison to atomic spy Klaus Fuchs)

7
Judge Irving Kaufman's Statement Upon Sentencing
the Rosenbergs

• Citizens of this country who betray their
  fellow-countrymen can be under none of the
  delusions about the benignity of Soviet power
  that they might have been prior to World War II.
  The nature of Russian terrorism is now
  self-evident. Idealism as a rational dissolves
  ... I consider your crime worse than murder ...
  In committing the act of murder, the criminal
  kills only his victim But in your case, I
  believe your conduct in putting into the hands of
  the Russians the A-bomb years before our best
  scientists predicted Russia would perfect the
  bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the
  Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant
  casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but
  that millions more of innocent people may pay the
  price of your treason. Indeed, by your betrayal
  you undoubtedly have altered the course of
  history to the disadvantage of our country The
  evidence indicated quite clearly that Julius
  Rosenberg was the prime mover in this conspiracy.
  However, let no mistake be made about the role
  which his wife, Ethel Rosenberg, played in this
  conspiracy She was a full-fledged partner in
  this crime. Indeed the defendants Julius and
  Ethel Rosenberg placed their devotion to their
  cause above their own personal safety and were
  conscious that they were sacrificing their own
  children, should their misdeeds be detected--all
  of which did not deter them from pursuing their
  course. Love for their cause dominated their
  lives--it was even greater than their love for
  their children.
• Sources Judge Kaufman's Sentencing
  Statement in the Rosenberg Case
• Government Views of The
  Rosenberg Spy Case

8

• Julius Rosenberg
• This death sentence is not surprising. It
  had to be. There had to be a Rosenberg Case
  because there had to be an intensification of the
  hysteria in America to make the Korean War
  acceptable to the American people. There had to
  be hysteria and a fear sent through America in
  order to get increased war budgets. And there had
  to be a dagger thrust in the heart of the left to
  tell them that you are no longer gonna give five
  years for a Smith Act prosecution or one year for
  Contempt of Court, but were gonna kill ya!
• Source Robert and Michael Meeropol, We Are
  Your Sons (Boston Houghton Mifflin Company,
  1975), p. 326.

9
W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963)

• Activist for racial and social justice
• Sociologist, historian, novelist, playwright, and
  cultural critic
• First black student to receive a Ph.D. from
  Harvard University in 1896 Talented Tenth
• Co-founder of Niagara Movement and NAACP
• Founder and Editor of The Crisis, 1910-1934
• Chairman of Peace Information Center in New York
  and candidate for U.S. Senate for New York
  Progressive Party (1950)
• Indictment, trial, and acquittal of subversive
  activities charges (1951)
• Member of Communist Party, U.S.A. (1961) and
  citizen of Ghana (1963)

10
Du Bois Spoke at Rosenberg Rallies

• October 23, 1952 The Rosenbergs are not accused
  of betraying secrets to an enemy of their
  country. At the time of the alleged deed we were
  friends and allies with the Soviet Union. How
  fortunate it would have been for us and for the
  world if at the time the Rosenbergs were accused
  we had in fact freely given to the Soviet Union
  and to the whole world the secret of the atomic
  bomb. But we did not do this, on the
  contrary, we set ourselves not to only fight the
  Soviet Union but to conquer the world. Most
  Americans who are not carried away by the
  hysteria of the Korean War cannot believe that
  the Rosenbergs committed a crime or had a just
  trial.
• January 8, 1953 I know what it is to stand
  accused before my fellowmen of a crime of which I
  knew I was absolutely innocent and yet coerced to
  prove this innocence. Such proof was impossible.
  Here at last in the case of Julius and Ethel
  Rosenberg we reach the zenith of deliberate
  injustice. We are set to kill a mother and father
  and orphan their little children because we think
  that they believe in social remedies for evident
  ills which many others do not believe. This
  awful crime we threaten to commit in order to
  protect a nation which thinks it needs this
  sacrifice of blood to save its soul. Such a soul
  is not worth saving.
• Source Du Bois Papers (Microfilm, Reel 81,
  Frames 488 and 536)

11
Some Connections

• August 1950 on the same day the Rosenbergs were
  indicted of espionage, the Department of Justice
  ordered Du Bois to register the Peace Information
  Center as an agent of a foreign principal within
  the United States
• In 1951 Du Bois was arrested as a foreign agent
  and his passport was revoked for eight years
  Color and Democracy was removed from overseas
  libraries
• Du Bois signed the petition by the Civil Rights
  Congress, entitled We Charge Genocide The Crime
  of Government against the Negro People,
  delivered to the United Nations on December 17,
  1951 by Paul Robeson and William L. Patterson
• Du Bois submitted an amicus curiae brief to the
  U.S. Supreme Court on behalf of the Rosenbergs
  it was denied
• Du Bois on Truman He ranks with Adolf Hitler as
  one of the greatest killers of our day.
• Shirley and W. E.B. Du Bois placed the Rosenberg
  children with Anne and Abel Meeropol during a
  Christmas party at their house Abel Meeropol had
  written the anti-lynching song Strange Fruit in
  1937
• Radosh/Milton West European communists used the
  Rosenberg case to deflect attention from the
  anti-semitism of the Rudolf Slansky Trial
  (executed in Czechoslovakia in December 1952)

12
Strange Fruit

• Southern trees bear strange fruitBlood on
  the leavesBlood at the rootBlack bodies
  swinging in the southern breezeStrange fruit
  hanging from the poplar treesPastoral scene of
  the gallant southThe bulging eyes and the
  twisted mouthThe scent of magnolia sweet and
  freshThen the sudden smell of burning fleshHere
  is a fruit for the crows to pluckfor the rain to
  gatherfor the wind to suckfor the sun to
  rotfor the tree to dropHere is a strange and
  bitter crop
• Composed by Abel Meeropol (aka Lewis
  Allan)Originally sung by Billie Holiday
• YouTube - Billie Holiday - Strange Fruit

13
Du Bois on the Rosenbergs (1953)

• Crucify us, Vengeance of God
• As we crucify two more Jews,
• We are the murderers hurling mud
• We the witchhunters, drinking blood
• To us shriek five thousand blacks
• Lynched without trial
• And hundred thousands mobbed
• The millions dead in useless war.
• But this, this awful deed we do today
• This senseless blasphemy of birth
• Fills full the cup!
• For yonder, two pale and tight-lipped children
• Stagger across the world, bearing their dead
• Rise then the Bearers of the Pall
• Sacco and Vanzetti, old John Brown and Willie
  McGee.
• We the murderers
• Groan and moan
• Red Resurrection,
• Or Black Despair?

14
Robert Meeropol, An Execution in the Family One
Sons Journey (New York St. Martins Press, 2003)

• I WAS SIX YEARS, ONE MONTH, AND ONE DAY OLD ON
  MONDAY, JUNE 15, 1953four days before my
  parents execution. That hot June my ten-year-old
  brother, Michael, and I were living with friends
  of my parents in Toms River, New Jersey I
  was finishing my kindergarten year at Toms River
  Elementary School I played a lot of Monopoly
  while I lived in New Jersey I have
  surprisingly sharp memories of much of what I did
  and even of some of the world-shaking events that
  swirled about me during the week of June 15
  Wed been watching a ball game on TV around
  suppertime when news flashed across the screen
  that plans for the executions were going forward.
  I could not read the words and do not recall
  Michaels reaction, but he remembers moaning,
  Thats it, good-bye, good-bye. Michaels
  reaction and the urgency behind the adults
  decision to send us outside gave me the sense
  that something especially bad was happening I
  doubt I fully comprehended that my parents had
  just been killed, but I feigned complete
  ignorance to avoid the commotion, and went to bed
  I pretended not to understand what was going
  on so adults would not fuss over me. (pp. 1-6)
• My eighth-grade class visited W.E.B. Du Bois at
  his Brooklyn Heights home in the spring of 1961.
  If I had a flicker of memory about my previous
  visit to his house seven years earlier when I
  first met Anne and Abel Meeropol, I repressed it.
  This time Du Bois had an enormous impact on me. I
  sat in awe, literally at his feet, while he
  described his school experiences in a quiet
  melodious voice. (p. 42)

15
Sources and Resources

• Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2
  vols. (1981-1990)
• John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona
  Decoding Soviet Espionage (1999)
• Gerald Horne, Black and Red W.E.B. Du Bois and
  the Afro-American Response to the Cold War,
  1944-1963 (1986)
• Gerald Horne, Race Woman The Lives of Shirley
  Graham Du Bois (2002)
• David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois The Fight
  for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963
  (2000)
• David Levering Lewis, ed., W.E.B. Du Bois A
  Reader (1995)
• David Margolick, Strange Fruit Billie Holiday,
  Café Society, and an Early Cry for Civil Rights
  (2000)
• Robert Meeropol, An Execution in the Family One
  Sons Journey (2003)
• David Oshinksy, A Conspiracy so Immense The
  World of Joe McCarthy (1983)
• Michael Parrish, Cold War Justice The Supreme
  Court and the Rosenbergs, American Historical
  Review (1977) 805-842
• William L. Patterson, The Man Who Cried Genocide
  (1971)
• Ronald Radosh, The Rosenberg File (1997)
• Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes McCarthyism
  in America (1998)
• William Stueck, Rethinking the Korean War (2002)
• Documentary Heir to an Execution A
  Granddaughters Story (2004)
• Websites President Eisenhower Library and
  Archives, National Security Archive, Rosenberg
  Fund, W.E.B. Du Bois "Central" at University of
  Massachusetts Amherst

16
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISTHE GREATEST
INTERNATIONAL CRISIS IN ALL OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE?
17
Cuba and Fidel Castro

• 1898 U.S. took de facto control of Cuba
• By 1956 Americans owned 80 percent of Cubas
  utilities, 40 percent of its sugar, 90 percent of
  its mining wealth, and its key strategic location
  of Guantanamo Bay
• 1959 Fidel Castro took control of Cuba he
  suppressed free speech and opposition parties,
  pushed for land reform and decreased dependence
  on U.S. he confiscated American property and
  courted Cuban Communist Party
• Feb. 1960 Russians signed trade agreement to
  exchange Cuban sugar for Soviet oil, machinery,
  and technicians American refineries refused to
  refine Soviet oil and Castro nationalized U.S.
  refineries
• July 1960 U.S. cut Cuban sugar imports into U.S.
  and Castro seized more American property
• Early 1961 Eisenhower approved a CIA plan for
  training Cuban exiles who desired to overthrow
  Castro
• Was Castro a nationalist first and a communist
  second?
• Sources Castros Address at United Nations,
  Sept. 1960, How I Became A Communist

18
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

• April 17, 1961 JFK launched Bay of Pigs
  invasion 1,500 CIA-trained Cuban exiles waded
  ashore without projected American air cover the
  supposedly secret invasion failed Source A.
  Schlesinger Jr. on Bay of Pigs
• American Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai
  Stevenson was caught lying about U.S. support of
  the operation
• Robert McNamara said later We were hysterical
  about Castro
• Now we know the Soviets and the Cubans knew
  about the planned attack, the CIA knew they
  knewand still went ahead
• JFK publicly accepted complete responsibility for
  Bay of Pigs in private he appointed his brother
  Robert Kennedy to oversee a 100 million CIA
  plan, Operation Mongoose, to assassinate Castro
  and to sabotage the Cuban economy Sources
  Lansdale on Mongoose, Economic Embargo Against
  Cuba, and Church Committee Report
• Castro feared another American invasion and moved
  closer to the Soviets Khrushchev sent Soviet
  troops to Cuba Soviets secretly began to install
  nuclear-tipped missiles in Cuba in summer of 1962
  Sources CWIHP Virtual Archive Cuba in the Cold
  War

19
The Missile Gap

• As 1960 Democratic nominee JFK charged Richard
  Nixon, the Republican nominee, with allowing a
  missile gap in the Soviets favorit turned out
  to be in U.S. favor Source Campaign of 1960
• Oct. 14, 1962 U-2 plane filmed medium-range
  missiles (1,000 miles) on Cuban launching pads a
  few days later it filmed intermediate missiles
  (2,000) under construction.
• Khrushchevs motives to prevent U.S. invasion of
  Cuba to surround U.S. with nuclear weapons (just
  as U.S. had done to S.U.) and to give Castro
  nuclear protection against U.S.
• EXCOM special committee of top administration
  officials met around the clock to advise JFK
  Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Maxwell Taylor and
  Dean Acheson argued for an air strike
  Undersecretary of State George Ball slowly won
  support for blockade Secretary of Defense Robert
  McNamara and Special Counsel Theodore Sorensen
  doubted that missiles significantly altered
  the balance of power.
• Oct. 22, 1962 JFKs televised speech announcing
  the naval quarantine of Cuba, demanding the
  removal of the missiles, threatening a
  retaliatory strike against the Soviet Union, and
  appealing to remove missiles under UN supervision
  Source JFK's Radio and TV Address
• U.S. and Soviet nuclear forces went on full alert

20
Whose 13 Days?

• October 25, 1962 Russian ships did not challenge
  blockade
• October 26, 1962 Khrushchev offered removal of
  the missiles in return for a U.S. pledge not to
  invade Cuba
• October 27, 1962 Khrushchev demanded the
  dismantling of American short-range Jupiter
  missiles in Turkey Soviet officer in Cuba shot
  down a U-2 plane EXCOM began to plan for a
  military strike
• In public, JFK accepted Khrushchevs first offer
  (from Oct. 26) and in private, he consented to
  his second demand (to withdraw U.S. missiles in
  Turkey) Source RFK-Dobrynin Meeting
• October 28, 1962 Khrushchev accepted JFKs
  offer he knew U.S. was prepared to strike on
  October 30 but Castro refused to allow UN
  inspectors and refused to return Soviet
  long-range bombers
• November 20, 1962 highest alert for U.S. forces
  ended as Castro returned the bombers

21
The Berlin Connection

• JFK stood firm when Khrushchev threatened to
  incorporate West Berlin in July 1961
• August 13, 1961 Khrushchev built Berlin Wall to
  seal off East Berlin (and East Germany) from the
  West to stop emigration by East German skilled
  workers
• Was JFKs refusal to tear down the Berlin Wall
  cowardice or prudent statesmanship (to avoid a
  nuclear war in Europe)?
• In JFKs mind, Cuban Missile Crisis was about
  Berlin (E. May) U.S. threat to use nuclear
  weapons against S.U. was West Berlins only
  safeguard if JFK had allowed missiles in Cuba,
  it would have threatened U.S. first-strike
  capability and may have forced JFK to surrender
  West Berlin or initiate global nuclear war
• June 1963 JFKs Berlin address All free men,
  wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin,
  and, therefore, as a free man I take pride in the
  words, Ich bin ein Berliner. Source JFK in
  Berlin

22
A Victory for JFK?

• Myth of Brinkmanship Secretary of State Dean
  Rusk "We're eyeball to eyeball, and I think the
  other fellow just blinked." Until 1992, it was
  thought that Khrushchev surrendered
  unconditionally JFKs willingness to trade
  missiles in Cuba for missiles in Turkey was kept
  secret.
• Near-Tragedy EXCOM had planned an airstrike for
  October 30, 1962 to prevent Soviets from placing
  nuclear warheads on missiles in Cuba Soviet
  officials revealed in 1991-1992 that 42
  intermediate-range and 9 short-range nuclear
  missiles were in place during crisis. A stunned
  Robert McNamara commented in 1992 This is
  horrifying. It meant that had a U.S. invasion
  been carried out there was a 99 percent
  probability that nuclear war would have been
  initiated. Source Declassified Documents
• Kennedy-Khrushchev correspondence, released in
  1992, showed that on December 14, 1962 JFK
  maintained free reign to intervene in Cuba The
  other side of the coin, however, is that we do
  need to have adequate assurances that all
  offensive weapons are removed from Cuba and are
  not reintroduced, and that Cuba itself commits no
  aggressive acts against any of the nations of the
  Western Hemisphere. Source Kennedy-Khrushchev
  Exchanges

23
Fallout

• Republican Senator Barry Goldwater attacked JFK
  for selling out the Monroe Doctrine with his
  non-invasion pledge
• JFK Domestic issues can only lose elections,
  but foreign policy issues can kill us all.
• McNamara a missile is a missile it makes no
  great difference whether you are killed by a
  missile from the Soviet Union or Cuba."
• Rift in Western Alliance Europeans had come
  close to annihilation without representation
  De Gaulle built his own nuclear arsenal and
  rejected British entry into European Common
  Market
• JFK began secret talks with Castro (cut short by
  assassination of JFK on Nov. 22, 1963)
• Khrushchev was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev even
  though he had launched a massive military
  build-up in the Soviet Union
• 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (prohibited
  aboveground nuclear testing) first arms-control
  pact in the midst of nuclear build-up
• Hot-Line versus rush into Vietnam

24
Historians Comment on Thirteen Days, Roger
Donaldsons Movie (2000)

• Ernest May (Harvard historian, author of the
  Kennedy Tapes)
• -movie succeeds as thriller, mixed success as
  history
• -role of Kenneth ODonnell overstated
• -JFKs advisers do not resemble real-life men
• -role of military misrepresented
• -leaves out Cuban and Soviet angles
• -conveys truths of real crisis, JFKs
  predicament (Berlin,
• not Cuba), and JFKs statesmanship
• Philip Brenner (Prof. of IR, American
  University)
• -movie fosters myth of U.S. as victim
• -movies time frame too narrow leaves out
  Cuba, S.U.
• -movie leaves out causes of crisis Soviets
  feared U.S.
• aggression against Cuba and U.S. first-strike
  against S.U.
• -contrary to movie, JFK did NOT know Soviets
  had deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Cuba
• -movie credits American resolve for crisis
  resolution in reality Soviets refrained from
  nuclear war and U.S.
• ignorance was most dangerous

25
Recommended Readings

• Cuban Missile Crisis 40th Anniversary Site,
  National Security Archive and George Washington
  University
• Kennedy Administration Documents, U.S. Department
  of State
• White House Tapes, Miller Center of Public
  Affairs
• Laurence Chang, Peter Kornbluh, The Cuban Missile
  Crisis, 1962A National Security Archive
  Documents Reader (1992)
• Aleksandr Fursenko, Timothy Naftali, One Hell of
  a Gamble Khrushchev, Castro Kennedy,
  1958-1964 (1997)
• Robert F. Kennedy, Thirteen Days (1969)
• Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold
  War 1945-2006 10th ed. (2008)
• Ernest May, Philip Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy
  Tapes Inside the White House during the Cuban
  Missile Crisis (1997)
• Don Munton, David Welch, The Cuban Missile Crisis
  (2007)
• Philip Nash, The Other Missiles of October
  Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957-1963
  (1997)
• James Nathan, ed., The Cuban Missile Crisis
  Revisited (1992)
• Sheldon Stern, The Week the World Stood Still
  (2005)