Tourism Models

1
Tourism Models

• You will learn
• Brittons Core-Periphery Enclave Model
• Butlers Life Cycle Model
• How areas progress through Butlers model

2
Core Periphery Enclave Model

• Explains social influences of tourism on
  developing nations and the role of tourism in
  economic development
• Developed by Britton (1981)

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The model

• States
• Flow of tourists from developed countries (CORE)
  into developing countries (PERIPHERY)
• Tour operators / airlines / hotel owners tend to
  be located in the CORE hence developed countries
  control the tourism industry
• ENCLAVES
• Model states there are enclaves (area within a
  developing country designated for tourism)
• These ensure tourists have minimal contact with
  local residents and hence little experience of
  the reality of these peoples lives

4
Butler

• Based on MEDC tourism
• Life Cycle of a Resort
• Tourism viewed as a resource
• 6 Stages
• Exploration
• Involvement
• Development
• Consolidation
• Stagnation
• Decline OR Rejuvenation

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The Butler Model
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Exploration

• Small number of tourist attracted by culture /
  natural beauty
• Limited numbers
• Few facilities exist

7
Involvement

• Some involvement by locals to provide tourists
  with facilities
• Recognisable tourist season
• Developing tourism market

8
Development

• Large numbers of tourists
• Control of market moves from locals to external
  bodies e.g. TNCs
• Conflict between residents and tourists

9
Consolidation

• Tourism constitutes major part of economy
• Tourist numbers plateau
• Older facilities seen as second rate

10
Stagnation

• Peak tourist numbers reached
• Resort no longer fashionable

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Decline OR Rejuvenation

• Attractiveness continues to decline
• Visitors lost to other resorts / destinations
• Resort becomes dependant on day / weekend
  visitors from limited geographical area
• Unless efforts made to modernise and rejuvenate
  resort will continue to decline

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Case Study

• Spain - Costa del Sol

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• Exploration
• 1960s only 0.4 million tourists to the Costa del
  Sol, visiting for the beach holidays
• Involvement
• 1970's numbers rose to 3 million.
• Farmland built on, infrastructure improved.
• Transition from resource based to demand based
• Development Consolidation
• 1980s numbers rocketed to 7 million (carrying
  capacity reached)
• Clubs, bars, restaurants and more hotels were
  built, leading to environmental degradation.

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• Stagnation
• Late 1980s area began to stagnate, and was no
  longer fashionable.
• Attractive mountainous area blocked by large
  hotel developments,
• Beaches dirty from litter left by tourists
• Polluted from excessive sewage.
• Strain on resources e.g. water
• It takes 60 000 gallons to run a luxury hotel
  for a day.

15

• Decline OR Rejuvenation??
• 1990s Costa del Sol began rejuvenation.
• Beaches tidied achieved EU Blue Flag
• VAT cut to 6 to encourage tourists and
  businesses
• Tourism began to diversify to eco tourism and
  heritage tourism.
• Development of Coto Donana national park to
  'Costa Donana abandoned
• Wetland area popular with rare birds
• Previous development had seen a drop in the water
  table and the death of 30 000 wild birds form
  pesticide contamination

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• Spanish Tourism Today
• Tourism spread more inland to Madrid and
  Barcelona
• Historical City based tourism gains popularity
• Culturally diverse areas such as Almeria have
  also gained popularity
• Spain has not seen a decline in tourism, but a
  spatial change moving inland

Costa Del Sol
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Task!!

• Using an A3 copy of the Butler Model create a
  living graph showing the full life cycle of the
  Costa del Sol Tourist area
• You must add detail about specific issues in the
  area e.g. changes in tourism, local employment,
  holiday accommodation, infrastructure, landscape
  and environment including waste and resource
  management, prices, impacts of globalisation or
  more specifically Anglicanisation, changing
  type of tourists on the Costa, etc, etc