De Soto He led the first expedition across the

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AKS 39European Exploration

• Chapters 19.1, 19.2, 20
• Pages 529-541, 553-575

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Reasons for the Age of Exploration

• Gold
• The desire for wealth was the main reason for
  European exploration
• Wars fought were very expensive, so they needed
  to find lots of gold, silver, and jewels to pay
  for them. They thought Asia would have lots of
  it, so they wanted to find it and bring it back

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Reasons for the Age of Exploration

• God
• Desire to spread Christianity
• Believed duty was to continue to fight Muslims
  (bitterness left over from the Crusades) and seek
  to convert non-Christians
• To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to
  those who were in darkness and to grow rich as
  all men desire to do. - Bartolomeu Dias

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Reasons for the Age of Exploration

• Glory
• Wanted to bring fame to themselves and their
  country
• Expand Knowledge
• They did not know much most had never been
  outside Europe. They thought there was only one
  ocean. Many thought the world was flat the
  educated knew the world was round, but they did
  not know how big it was.

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Reasons for the Age of Exploration

• Find a Sea Route to Asia
• Merchants traders hoped to profit from the
  trade of spices other luxury goods from Asia
• Silk road trade routes were dangerous
• Sea was dangerous due to storms and pirates, so
  spices were very expensive
• Became more expensive due to Turkish Empire
  cutting off trade routes. Could not defeat Turks
  in battle, so needed to find a way around the
  Turkish Empire
• This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia

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39c explain the role of the improved technology
in European exploration including the astrolabe

• WARM-UP

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Advances in Technology

• Cartographers
• Map-makers
• Began to create maps that were more accurate

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Advances in Technology

• Astrolabe
• Device used to measure star position
• Different types were made, but a mariners
  astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a
  ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the
  Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known
  declination
• To find the latitude of the ship at sea, the noon
  altitude of the Sun was measured during the day
  or the altitude of a star of known declination
  was measured when it was on the meridian (due
  north or south) at night. The Sun's or star's
  declination for the date was looked up in an
  almanac.

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Advances in Technology

• Improved magnetic compass

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Advances in Technology

• Improved ships
• Caravel
• Ships with three masts, more sails, more cargo

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39a explain the roles of explorers and
conquistadors, including Zheng He, Vasco de Gama,
Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James
Cook, and Samuel de Champlain

• WARM-UP

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1405Zheng He launches the first of seven
voyages of exploration.

• Zheng He
• Chinese Muslim admiral of the fleets
• Most known for their remarkable size
• Distances traveled, fleet size, and ship
  measurements
• 40-300 ships sailed in each expedition, with
  crews numbering over 27,000 on some voyages
• Included sailors, soldiers, carpenters,
  interpreters, accountants, doctors, religious
  leaders
• Purpose Distributed gifts of silver silk to
  show Chinese superiority
• 16 countries sent tribute to Ming Court
• Chinese scholar-officials argued that the voyages
  wasted valuable resources that could be used to
  fight barbarian attacks from the north
• As such, after the last voyage in 1433, China
  withdrew into isolation

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Zheng Hes Treasure Ships (as compared to a
European flagship)
Zheng He
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Zheng He
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1419Prince Henry starts a navigation school.

• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• His school of navigation
• Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders,
  scientists, sea captains perfected their trade
  here
• Portuguese led the way
• Ships sailed down western coast of Africa
• Established trading ports along the Gold Coast
• Also traded for ivory
• Eventually traded for African captives to be used
  as slaves

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1488Bartolomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of
Africa.

• Explored SE coast of Africa
• Considered sailing to India, but an exhausted
  crew and low food supplies forced him to return
  home

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Bartolomeu Dias
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1492Christopher Columbus reaches the Caribbean.

• Goal of Expedition
• Find a shorter route to Asia
• First European since the Vikings to discover
  the new world
• Although, he originally thought he had reached
  Asia, which is why he called the natives
  Indians, because he thought he was in the
  Indies the name stuck
• Immediate Outcomes
• Increased tensions between Spain Portugal
• Long-Term Outcomes
• Opened up the Americas to European exploration

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Christopher Columbus
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1494Spain Portugal sign the Treaty of
Tordesillas.

• As tension increased between Spain Portugal
  over lands, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep
  the peace
• Drew the Line of Demarcation
• Imaginary dividing line drawn north to south
  through the Atlantic Ocean
• All lands west belonged to Spain
• All lands east belonged to Portugal
• The Treaty was signed agreeing to the terms
• Resulted in the countries opening up an era of
  exploration and colonization in earnest.

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1498Vasco de Gama reaches the port of Calicut
on the Indian Ocean.

• Explored East Africa on his way to India
• Explorations led to the discovery that there was
  a direct sea route to Asia
• Now, keep in mind, it was a long and treacherous
  journey, but it avoided territory controlled by
  the Ottoman Turks

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Vasco de Gama
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1521Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish
expedition to the Philippines.

• 1st person to lead an expedition around the world
• Although, Magellan never actually made it he
  died in a war in the Philippines
• Out of 250 crew and 5 ships that set out on the
  journey, only 18 men and 1 ship made it back to
  Spain
• Magellan is given credit for naming the Pacific
  Ocean (because of its calm waters) and discovered
  the Strait of Magellan on the southern tip of
  South America

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Ferdinand Magellan
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Notable Spanish Explorers

• Amerigo Vespucci
• He was the first European to recognize that the
  new continents discovered by Columbus were not
  part of Asia (1502)
• As a result, North and South America were named
  for him

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Amerigo Vespucci
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Notable Spanish Explorers

• Juan Ponce de Leon
• He was the first European to explore Florida,
  searching for the Fountain of Youth (1513)

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Juan Ponce de Leon
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Notable Spanish Explorers

• Vasco Núñez de Balboa
• He was the first European to see the Pacific
  Ocean from its eastern shore (1513)

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Vasco Nunez de Balboa
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Notable Spanish Explorers

• Hernando Cortez
• He was a Spanish Conquistador who defeated and
  conquered the Aztec Empire (1521)
• Spanish were able to defeat them because
• Superior weaponry
• Aid from some other groups of natives
• European diseases killed many Native Americans
  who had no immunity to the diseases

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Hernando Cortez
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Notable Spanish Explorers

• Francisco Pizarro
• He conquered the Inca Empire (1533)
• Created a large mestizo population
• Imposed Spanish culture
• Exploited Native Americans as laborers

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Francisco Pizarro
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Notable Spanish Explorers

• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
• Discovered SW part of the United States,
  including the Grand Canyon (1540)
• Unique because mainly priests explored and
  colonized much of the region

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Francisco Vasquez
de Coronado
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Notable Spanish Explorers

• Hernando De Soto
• He led the first expedition across the
  southeastern United States (1539-1542)

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Notable English Explorers

• Sir Francis Drake
• He helped defeat the Spanish Armada, and he was
  the first Englishman to sail around the world

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Sir Francis Drake
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Notable English Explorers

• John Cabot
• He was the first European since the Vikings to
  explore the mainland of North America and the
  first to search for the Northwest Passage

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John Cabot
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Notable English Explorers

• James Cook
• Circumnavigated the globe twice
• First British ship commander to circumnavigate
  the globe in a lone ship
• First known European to reach the Hawaiian
  Islands
• Explored area around Australia and ventured south
  toward Antarctica

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James Cook
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Notable French Explorers

• Rene-Robert de La Salle
• He was the first European to sail down the
  Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the
  Gulf of Mexico

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Rene-Robert
de La Salle
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Notable French Explorers

• Jacques Cartier
• He discovered the St. Lawrence River

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Jacques Cartier
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Notable French Explorers

• Father Jacques Marquette
• He was on the expedition that led to the
  discovery of the Mississippi River

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Notable French Explorers

• Louis Jolliet
• He was the first European to travel down the
  Mississippi River from the Great Lakes

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Father Jacques
Louis Jolliet
Marquette
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Notable French Explorers

• Samuel de Champlain
• Established New France in Quebec

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Samuel de Champlain
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European Settlements in North America

• New France
• Reasons for exploration
• Find a sea route to Asia
• Establish the fur trade

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European Settlements in North America

• Jamestown
• Significance
• Englands first permanent North American colony

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European Settlements in North America

• Plymouth Massachusetts Bay colonies
• Reasons for colonization
• Pilgrims Puritans were searching for religious
  freedom

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European Settlements in North America

• New Netherland
• Reasons for colonization
• Expanded fur trade
• Set up permanent colonies

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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Contributing
Factors

• European colonization of the Americas
• At first, colonists forced Native Americans to
  work their profitable mines plantations
• As Native Americans began dying by the millions,
  the colonists bought Africans to replace Native
  American workers
• Experienced in farming
• Not familiar with the New World, so they could
  not escape
• Skin color made it easier to catch them if they
  did escape

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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Contributing
Factors

• Portuguese settlement of Brazil
• Demand for slaves grew massively as Brazils
  sugar industry expanded

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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Contributing
Factors

• African rulers
• Some African rulers helped deliver slaves to
  Europeans in exchange for goods

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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Contributing
Factors

• African merchants
• They bought and sold slaves
• When some African rulers opposed the slave trade,
  merchants developed new trade routes

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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Consequences

• African societies
• Population drain
• Introduction of guns that helped spread war and
  devastation

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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Consequences

• Enslaved Africans
• Separation from families
• Harsh lives
• Eventual development of rich cultural heritage

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I was soon put down under the decks, and there I
received such a salutation greeting in my
nostrils as I never experienced in my life so
that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and
crying together, I became so sick and low that I
was not able to eat . . . but soon, to my grief,
two of the white men offered me eatables and on
my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by
the hands, and laid me across . . . the windlass,
while the other flogged me severely.- Olaudah
Equiano
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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Consequences

• American colonies
• Economic and cultural development
• Back-breaking labor and farming expertise that
  helped many colonies survive

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The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Consequences

• Present-day American cultures
• Addition of Africans to population group
• Mixed-race populations
• Cultural additions
• Cultural blending

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39b define the Columbian Exchange and its
global economic and cultural impact

• WARM-UP

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The Columbian Exchange Global Trade

• Columbian Exchange - Definition
• Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals
  from Europe to the Americas
• Pigs, horses, sheep, and cows brought from Europe
  to Americas
• Diseases were also brought, killing millions of
  natives
• Led to changes in diets
• Corn and potatoes were taken from Americas to
  Europe

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The Columbian Exchange Global Trade

• Global Trade
• Causes
• Establishment of colonial empires
• Expansion of overseas trade
• Increased wealth for many individuals and
  countries
• Effects
• Rise of capitalism
• Economic system based on private ownership
• Rise of merchant class
• Growth of towns

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The Columbian Exchange Global Trade

• Inflation
• Causes
• Increased money supply
• Increased demand for goods
• Effects
• Scarcity of goods
• Rising prices

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The Columbian Exchange Global Trade

• Formation of Joint-Stock Companies
• Definition
• Investors buy stock into a company and share the
  profits or losses
• Causes
• High cost of colonization
• Need to reduce potential losses
• Effects
• Establishment of Jamestown and other colonies in
  North America

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The Columbian Exchange Global Trade

• Growth of Mercantilism
• Definition
• Countrys power depends on its wealth
• Sell more than you buy (favorable balance of
  trade)
• Colonies helped countries achieve a favorable
  balance of trade by providing raw materials the
  mother country would manufacture it into a
  product and sell for a profit
• Causes
• Desire for power, wealth, and self-sufficiency
• Effects
• Creation of colonial empires

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