Table of Contents pages iv-v Table of Contents pages

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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Unit 2 Ecology Unit
3 The Life of a Cell Unit 4 Genetics Unit 5
Change Through Time Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria,
Protists, and Fungi Unit 7 Plants Unit 8
Invertebrates Unit 9 Vertebrates Unit 10 The
Human Body
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Chapter 1
Biology The Study of Life Unit 2 Ecology
Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Chapter
3 Communities and Biomes Chapter 4
Population Biology Chapter 5 Biological
Diversity and Conservation Unit 3 The Life of a
Cell Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7 A View of the Cell Chapter 8
Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 4 Genetics Chapter 10 Mendel and
Meiosis Chapter 11 DNA and Genes
Chapter 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human
Genetics Chapter 13 Genetic Technology Unit
5 Change Through Time Chapter 14 The
History of Life Chapter 15 The Theory of
Evolution Chapter 16 Primate Evolution
Chapter 17 Organizing Lifes Diversity
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Chapter 18 Viruses and Bacteria Chapter
19 Protists Chapter 20 Fungi Unit 7
Plants Chapter 21 What Is a Plant?
Chapter 22 The Diversity of Plants
Chapter 23 Plant Structure and Function
Chapter 24 Reproduction in Plants
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 8 Invertebrates Chapter 25 What Is
an Animal? Chapter 26 Sponges,
Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms Chapter 27
Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28
Arthropods Chapter 29 Echinoderms and
Invertebrate
Chordates
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 9 Vertebrates Chapter 30 Fishes
and Amphibians Chapter 31 Reptiles and
Birds Chapter 32 Mammals Chapter 33
Animal Behavior Unit 10 The Human Body
Chapter 34 Protection, Support, and
Locomotion Chapter 35 The Digestive and
Endocrine Systems Chapter 36 The Nervous
System Chapter 37 Respiration,
Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38
Reproduction and Development Chapter 39
Immunity from Disease
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Unit Overview pages 138-139
The Life of a Cell
The Chemistry of Life
A View of the Cell
Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Energy in a Cell
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Chapter Contents page viii
Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell 9.1 The Need for
Energy 9.1 Section Check 9.2 Photosynthesis
Trapping the Suns Energy 9.2 Section
Check 9.3 Getting Energy to Make ATP 9.3
Section Check Chapter 9 Summary Chapter 9
Assessment
10
Chapter Intro-page 220
What Youll Learn
You will recognize why organisms need a constant
supply of energy and where that energy comes
from.
You will identify how cells store and release
energy as ATP.
You will describe the pathways by which cells
obtain energy.
11
Chapter Intro-page 220
What Youll Learn
You will compare ATP production in mitochondria
and in chloroplasts.
12
9.1 Section Objectives page 221
Section Objectives

• Explain why organisms need a supply of energy.

• Describe how energy is stored and released by ATP.

13
Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Cell Energy

• All living organisms must be able to obtain
  energy from the environment in which they live.

• Plants and other green organisms are able to trap
  the light energy in sunlight and store it in the
  bonds of certain molecules for later use.

14
Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Cell Energy

• Other organisms cannot use sunlight directly.

• They eat green plants. In that way, they obtain
  the energy stored in plants.

15
Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Work and the need for energy

• Active transport, cell division, movement of
  flagella or cilia, and the production, transport,
  and storage of proteins are some examples of cell
  processes that require energy.

• There is a molecule in your cells that is a quick
  source of energy for any organelle in the cell
  that needs it.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Work and the need for energy

• The name of this energy molecule is adenosine
  triphosphate or ATP for short.

• ATP is composed of an adenosine molecule with
  three phosphate groups attached.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• The charged phosphate groups act like the
  positive poles of two magnets.

• Bonding three phosphate groups to form adenosine
  triphosphate requires considerable energy.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• When only one phosphate group bonds, a small
  amount of energy is required and the chemical
  bond does not store much energy. This molecule
  is called adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

• When a second phosphate group is added, more
  energy is required to force the two groups
  together. This molecule is called adenosine
  diphosphate, or ADP.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• An even greater amount of energy is required to
  force a third charged phosphate group close
  enough to the other two to form a bond. When
  this bond is broken, energy is released.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell
  when the molecule is broken down.

P
P
P
Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P
P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
P
P
Adenosine
21
Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

• When ATP is broken down and the energy is
  released, the energy must be captured and used
  efficiently by cells.

• Many proteins have a specific site where ATP can
  bind.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

• Then, when the phosphate bond is broken and the
  energy released, the cell can use the energy for
  activities such as making a protein or
  transporting molecules through the plasma
  membrane.

ATP
Protein
P
Energy
ADP
ADP
23
Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

• When ATP has been broken down to ADP, the ADP is
  released from the binding site in the protein and
  the binding site may then be filled by another
  ATP molecule.

24
Section 1 Check
Question 1
What is the primary difference in the ways
that plants and animals obtain energy?
Answer
All living organisms need energy. Plants
can trap light energy in sunlight and store it
for later use. Animals cannot trap energy from
sunlight and must eat plants that contain stored
energy.
25
Section 1 Check
Question 2
Why does the formation of ATP require
energy?
26
Section 1 Check
One molecule of ATP contains three
phosphate groups, which are charged particles.
Energy is required to bond the phosphate groups
onto the same molecule because they behave the
same way that the poles of magnets do and repel
groups with like charges. When the ATP molecule
is broken down, the chemical energy stored in it
becomes available to the cell for life processes.
27
Section 1 Check
Question 3
A molecule of adenosine that has one
phosphate group bonded to it is ______.
A. AMP
B. ADP
C. ATP
D. ACP
28
Section 1 Check
The answer is A. AMP is adenosine
monophosphate.
P
P
P
Adenosine
The addition and release of a phosphate group on
adenosine diphosphate creates a cycle of ATP
formation and breakdown.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P
P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
P
P
Adenosine
29
Section 1 Check
Question 4
What is the function of the protein
molecule shown in this diagram?
ATP
Energy
Protein
P
ADP
ADP
30
Section 1 Check
This protein molecule has a specific
binding site for ATP. In order to access the
energy stored ATP, the protein molecule binds the
ATP and uncouples one phosphate group. This
action releases energy that is then available to
the cell.
ATP
Protein
Energy
P
ADP
ADP
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9.2 Section Objectives page 225
Section Objectives

• Relate the structure of chloroplasts to the
  events in photosynthesis.

• Describe light-dependent reactions.

• Explain the reactions and products of the
  light-independent Calvin cycle.

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Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Trapping Energy from Sunlight

• The process that uses the suns energy to make
  simple sugars is called photosynthesis.

33
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Trapping Energy from Sunlight

• Photosynthesis happens in two phases.

• The light-dependent reactions convert light
  energy into chemical energy.

2. The molecules of ATP produced in the
light-dependent reactions are then used to fuel
the light-independent reactions that produce
simple sugars.

• The general equation for photosynthesis is
  written as 6CO2 6H2O?C6H12O6 6O2

34
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Trapping Energy from Sunlight
Click image to view movie.
35
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
The chloroplast and pigments

• To trap the energy in the suns light, the
  thylakoid membranes contain pigments, molecules
  that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.
  

• Although a photosystem contains several kinds of
  pigments, the most common is chlorophyll.

• Chlorophyll absorbs most wavelengths of light
  except green.

36
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Light-Dependent Reactions

• As sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules in
  a photosystem of the thylakoid membrane, the
  energy in the light is transferred to electrons.

• These highly energized, or excited, electrons are
  passed from chlorophyll to an electron transport
  chain, a series of proteins embedded in the
  thylakoid membrane.

37
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Sun
Light-Dependent Reactions
Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.

• At each step along the transport chain, the
  electrons lose energy.

Chlorophyll passes energy down through the
electron transport chain.
Energized electrons provide energy that
splits H2O
to ADP
bonds
P
forming ATP
oxygen released
H
NADP
NADPH
for the use in
light-independent reactions
38
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Light-Dependent Reactions

• This lost energy can be used to form ATP from
  ADP, or to pump hydrogen ions into the center of
  the thylakoid disc.

• Electrons are re-energized in a second
  photosystem and passed down a second electron
  transport chain.

39
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Light-Dependent Reactions

• The electrons are transferred to the stroma of
  the chloroplast. To do this, an electron carrier
  molecule called NADP is used.

• NADP can combine with two excited electrons and a
  hydrogen ion (H) to become NADPH.

• NADPH will play an important role in the
  light-independent reactions.

40
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Restoring electrons

• To replace the lost electrons, molecules of water
  are split in the first photosystem. This
  reaction is called photolysis.

Sun
_
1
O2 2H
Chlorophyll
2
2e-
_
1
O2 2e-
H2O 2H
H2O
2
41
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
Restoring electrons

• The oxygen produced by photolysis is released
  into the air and supplies the oxygen we breathe.

• The electrons are returned to chlorophyll.

• The hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid,
  where they accumulate in high concentration.

42
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
(CO2)
(CO2)
The Calvin Cycle
(Unstable intermediate)
(RuPB)
ADP
ATP
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP
(PGAL)
(PGAL)
(PGAL)
(Sugars and other carbohydrates)
43
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle

• Carbon fixation The carbon atom from CO2 bonds
  with a five-carbon sugar called ribulose
  biphosphate (RuBP) to form an unstable six-carbon
  sugar.

(CO2)

• The stroma in chloroplasts hosts the Calvin
  cycle.

(RuBP)
44
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle

• Formation of 3-carbon molecules The six-carbon
  sugar formed in Step A immediately splits to form
  two three-carbon molecules.

(Unstable intermediate)
45
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle

• Use of ATP and NADPH A series of reactions
  involving ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent
  reactions converts the three-carbon molecules
  into phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL), three-carbon
  sugars with higher energy bonds.

ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP
(PGAL)
46
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle

• Sugar production One out of every six molecules
  of PGAL is transferred to the cytoplasm and used
  in the synthesis of sugars and other
  carbohydrates. After three rounds of the cycle,
  six molecules of PGAL are produced.

(PGAL)
(Sugars and other carbohydrates)

47
Section 9.2 Summary pages 225-230
The Calvin Cycle

• RuBP is replenished Five molecules of PGAL, each
  with three carbon atoms, produce three molecules
  of the five-carbon RuBP. This replenishes the
  RuBP that was used up, and the cycle can
  continue.

P
ADP
ATP




(PGAL)

48
Section 2 Check
Question 1
The process that uses the suns energy to
make simple sugars is ________.
A. cellular respiration
B. glycolysis
C. photosynthesis
D. photolysis
49
Section 2 Check
The answer is C. Photosynthesis happens in two
phases to make simple sugars and convert the
sugars into complex carbohydrates for energy
storage.
50
Section 2 Check
Question 2
The function accomplished by the
light-dependent reactions is ________.
A. energy storage
B. sugar production
C. carbon fixation
D. conversion of sugar to PGAL
51
Section 2 Check
Sun
The answer is A. The light-dependent reactions
transfer energy from the sun to chlorophyll, and
pass energized electrons to proteins embedded in
the thylakoid membrane for storage in ATP and
NADPH molecules.
Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll passes energy down through the
electron transport chain.
Energized electrons provide energy that
splits H2O
to ADP
bonds
P
forming ATP
oxygen released
H
NADP
NADPH
for the use in
light-independent reactions
52
Section 2 Check
Question 3
The first step in the Calvin cycle is the
________.
A. replenishing of ribulose biphosphate
B. production of phosphoglyceraldehyde
C. Splitting of six-carbon sugar into two
three-carbon molecules
D. Bonding of carbon to ribulose biphosphate
53
Section 2 Check
The answer is D. The carbon atom from CO2 bonds
with a five-carbon sugar to form an unstable
six-carbon sugar. This molecule then splits to
form two three-carbon molecules.
54
Section 2 Check
Question 4
How many rounds of the Calvin cycle must
occur in order for one molecule of PGAL to be
transferred to the cells cytoplasm?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
55
Section 2 Check
The answer is C. Each round of the Calvin cycle
produces two molecules of PGAL.
56
9.3 Section Objectives page 231
Section Objectives

• Compare and contrast cellular respiration and
  fermentation.

• Explain how cells obtain energy from cellular
  respiration.

57
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Cellular Respiration

• The process by which mitochondria break down food
  molecules to produce ATP is called cellular
  respiration.

• There are three stages of cellular respiration
  glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the
  electron transport chain.

58
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Cellular Respiration

• The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobicno
  oxygen is required.

• The last two stages are aerobic and require
  oxygen to be completed.

59
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in
  the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose,
  a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of
  pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound.

4ATP
2ADP
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP
4ADP 4P
Glucose
2PGAL
2NAD
2NADH 2H
60
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is not very effective, producing only
  two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule
  broken down.

4ATP



2ADP
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP
4ADP 4P



Glucose
2PGAL
2NAD

2NADH 2H
61
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Glycolysis

• Before citric acid cycle and electron transport
  chain can begin, pyruvic acid undergoes a series
  of reactions in which it gives off a molecule of
  CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme
  A to form acetyl-CoA.

Mitochondrial membrane



CO2

Outside the mitochondrion
Inside the mitochondrion

Coenzyme A

- CoA
Intermediate by-product
Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid


NAD
NADH H
62
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
The citric acid cycle

• The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs
  cycle, is a series of chemical reactions similar
  to the Calvin cycle in that the molecule used in
  the first reaction is also one of the end
  products.

• For every turn of the cycle, one molecule of ATP
  and two molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.

63
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
The Citric Acid Cycle
(Acetyl-CoA)
NAD
Citric acid
Oxaloacetic acid
NADH H
NADH H
O
O
Citric Acid Cycle
(CO2)
NAD
The mitochondria host the citric acid cycle.
NAD
NADH H
O
O
(CO2)
ADP
ATP
FAD
FADH2
64
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
The citric acid cycle

• Citric acid The two-carbon compound acetyl-CoA
  reacts with a four-carbon compound called
  oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, a
  six-carbon molecule.

Acetyl-CoA
Citric acid
Oxaloacetic acid
65
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
The citric acid cycle

• Formation of CO2 A molecule of CO2 is formed,
  reducing the eventual product to a five-carbon
  compound. In the process, a molecule of NADH and
  H is produced.

NAD
NADH H
O
O
(CO2)
66
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
The citric acid cycle

• Formation of the second CO2 Another molecule of
  CO2 is released, forming a four-carbon compound.
  One molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are
  also produced.

NAD
NADH H
O
O
ADP
(CO2)
ATP
67
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237

• Recycling of oxaloacetic acid The four-carbon
  molecule goes through a series of reactions in
  which FADH2, NADH, and H are formed. The carbon
  chain is rearranged, and oxaloacetic acid is
  again made available for the cycle.

The citric acid cycle
NADH H
NAD
FAD
FADH2
68
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
The electron transport chain

• In the electron transport chain, the carrier
  molecules NADH and FADH2 gives up electrons that
  pass through a series of reactions. Oxygen is
  the final electron acceptor.

Space between inner and outer membranes
Electron carrier proteins
Enzyme
Inner membrane
Electron pathway
e -
H2O
4H O2
NADH
NAD
ADP
ATP
4 electrons
Center of mitochondrion
H2O
FADH2
FAD
69
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
The electron transport chain

• Overall, the electron transport chain adds 32 ATP
  molecules to the four already produced.

70
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Fermentation

• During heavy exercise, when your cells are
  without oxygen for a short period of time, an
  anaerobic process called fermentation follows
  glycolysis and provides a means to continue
  producing ATP until oxygen is available again.

71
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Lactic acid fermentation

• Lactic acid fermentation is one of the processes
  that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce.

• In this process, the reactions that produced
  pyruvic acid are reversed.

• Two molecules of pyruvic acid use NADH to form
  two molecules of lactic acid.

72
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Lactic acid fermentation

• This releases NAD to be used in glycolysis,
  allowing two ATP molecules to be formed for each
  glucose molecule.

• The lactic acid is transferred from muscle cells,
  to the liver that converts it back to pyruvic
  acid.

73
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Alcoholic fermentation

• Another type of fermentation, alcoholic
  fermentation, is used by yeast cells and some
  bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol.

74
Section 9.3 Summary pages 231-237
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Table 9.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Food synthesized
Food broken down
Energy of glucose released
Energy from sun stored in glucose
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen taken in
Oxygen given off
Produces sugars from PGAL
Produces CO2 and H2O
Requires light
Does not require light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll
Occurs in all living cells
75
Section 3 Check
Question 1
What do the Calvin cycle and the Citric
acid cycle have in common?
A. The molecule used in the first reaction is
also one of the end products.
B. Both require input of ATP molecules.
C. Both generate ADP.
D. From every turn of the cycle, two
molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.
76
Section 3 Check
The answer is A. In the Calvin cycle, RuBP
bonds to carbon in the first step and is produced
in the last step. In the citric acid cycle,
oxaloacetic acid reacts in the first step and is
recycled in the last step.
77
Section 3 Check
Question 2
The process by which mitochondria break
down food molecules to produce ATP is called
________.
A. photosynthesis
B. cellular respiration
C. the light-independent reaction
D. the Calvin cycle
78
Section 3 Check
The answer is B. Photosynthesis,
light-independent reactions, and the Calvin cycle
all occur in plants.
79
Section 3 Check
Question 3
The three stages of cellular respiration
are ________.
A. glycolysis, the Calvin cycle, and the electron
transport chain
B. carbon fixation, the citric acid cycle, and
the electron transport chain
80
Section 3 Check
Question 3
The three stages of cellular respiration
are ________.
C. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the
electron transport chain
D. the light-dependent reactions, the citric
acid cycle and the electron transport chain
81
Section 3 Check
The answer is C. The first stage is
anaerobic, but the last two stages require oxygen
to be completed.
82
Section 3 Check
Question 4
Which of the following yields the greatest
net ATP?
A. Lactic acid fermentation
B. Alcoholic fermentation
C. Calvin cycle
D. Cellular respiration
83
Section 3 Check
The answer is D. Cellular respiration is
far more efficient in ATP production than the
fermentation reactions.
Comparison of Fermentation to Cellular Respiration
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic
Cellular respiration
glucose
glucose
glucose
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
lactic acid
water
alcohol
2 ATP
2 ATP
38 ATP
84
Chapter Summary 9.1
The Need for Energy

• ATP is the molecule that stores energy for easy
  use within the cell.

• ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to
  ADP. When ATP is broken down, ADP and phosphate
  are formed and energy is released.

• Green organisms trap the energy in sunlight and
  store it in the bonds of certain molecules for
  later use.

85
Chapter Summary 9.1
The Need for Energy

• Organisms that cannot use sunlight directly
  obtain energy by consuming plants or other
  organisms that have consumed plants.

86
Chapter Summary 9.2
Photosynthesis Trapping the Suns Energy

• Photosynthesis is the process by which cells use
  light energy to make simple sugars.

• Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plant cells
  traps light energy needed for photosynthesis.

• The light reactions of photosynthesis produce ATP
  and result in the splitting of water molecules.

87
Chapter Summary 9.2
Photosynthesis Trapping the Suns Energy

• The reactions of the Calvin Cycle make
  carbohydrates using CO2 along with ATP and NADPH
  from the light reactions.

88
Chapter Summary 9.3
Getting Energy to Make ATP

• In cellular respiration, cells break down
  carbohydrates to release energy.

• The first stage of cellular respiration,
  glycolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm and does
  not require oxygen.

• The citric acid cycle takes place in mitochondria
  and requires oxygen.

89
Chapter Assessment
Question 1
Name two differences between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
90
Although both processes use electron carriers and
form ATP, they accomplish quite different tasks
as shown in the table.
Table 9.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Food synthesized
Food broken down
Energy of glucose released
Energy from sun stored in glucose
Carbon dioxide taken in
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen taken in
Oxygen given off
Produces sugars from PGAL
Produces CO2 and H2O
Requires light
Does not require light
Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll
Occurs in all living cells
Chapter Assessment
91
Chapter Assessment
Question 2
Choose the word from this list that does NOT
belong with the others.
A. oxaloacetic acid
B. FADH2
C. Acetyl-CoA
D. ribulose biphosphate
92
The answer is D. RuBP is utilized in the Calvin
cycle the others are part of the citric acid
cycle.
Chapter Assessment
93
Chapter Assessment
Question 3
Six molecules of glucose would give a net yield
of _____ ATP following glycolysis.
A. 8
B. 16
C. 6
D. 12
94
The answer is D. Glycolysis produces two ATP
molecules for each glucose molecule broken down.
Chapter Assessment
95
Chapter Assessment
Question 4
In which of the following structures do the
light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take
place?
A.
C.
B.
D.
96
The answer is D. The light-dependent reactions
of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts.
Chapter Assessment
97
Chapter Assessment
Question 5
In which stage of photosynthesis is carbon from
CO2 used to form a six-carbon sugar?
A. Calvin cycle
B. glycolysis
C. citric acid cycle
D. electron transport chain
98
The answer is A.
(CO2)
(Unstable intermediate)
(RuPB)
ADP
ATP
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP
(PGAL)
(PGAL)
(PGAL)
(Sugars and other carbohydrates)
Chapter Assessment
99
Chapter Assessment
Question 6
What component of thylakoid membranes absorbs
specific wavelengths of sunlight?
A. electrons
B. pigments
C. chloroplasts
D. mitochondria
100
The answer is B. Pigments are arranged within
the thylakoid membranes in photosystems the most
common pigment is chlorophyll.
Chapter Assessment
101
Chapter Assessment
Question 7
Which of the following is a product of cellular
respiration?
A. lactic acid
B. alcohol
C. glucose
D. carbon dioxide
102
The answer is D. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
are the products of cellular respiration.
Chapter Assessment
103
Chapter Assessment
Question 8
Complete the concept map using the following
terms RuBP replenishing, formation of 3-carbon
molecules, Calvin cycle, carbon fixation.
1
2
3
are steps in
4
which takes place in stroma
104
Completed concept map should reflect carbon
fixation, RuBP replenishing, and formation of
3-carbon molecules as steps in the Calvin cycle
which takes place in stroma.
Chapter Assessment
105
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