Water

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Chapter 5
Chapter 5 Water
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(No Transcript)
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The Water Molecule

• H2O two hydrogen atoms and one
• oxygen atom
• Covalent bonds
• Polar molecule
• Hydrogen bonds

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Fig. 5.1
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Table 5.3
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Fig. 5.2
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Fig. 5.4
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Table 5.5
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Fig. 5.8
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Fig. 5.9
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Fig. 5.10
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Fig. 5.11
Secchi Disc
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Fig. 5.12
Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY)
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Fig. 5.13
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Multi-beam and side scan sonar
CNS Monitor
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Fig. 5.14
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Fig. 5.15
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Fig. 5.16
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Table 5.1 top
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Fig. 5.7
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Table 6.2
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Fig. 6.2
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Fig. 6.3
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Fig. 6.4
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Table 6.4
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Black Smoker belching
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Table 6.6
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Table 6.5
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Fig. 6.7
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Fig. 6.1
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Fig. 6.9
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Fig. 6.10
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Fig. 6.11
Desalination Electrodialysis and Ion-Exchange
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Fig. 6.12
Desalination Reverse Osmosis
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Chapter 5 The Physical Properties of Water
End of Chapter Five Sea Water
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5.2 Temperature and Heat

• Molecules in motion gases or liquids
• Kinetic energy and temperature
• Heat measure of the total amount of kinetic
  energy

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5.3 Changes of State

• Three states of water solid, liquid,
• and gas
• Changes of state
• Hydrogen bonds
• Latent heat of fusion
• Latent heat of vaporization

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5.4 Heat Capacity

• Heat capacity quantity of heat required to
  produce a unit change in temperature
• Hydrogen bonds and high heat capacity of water
• Stability of Earths temperature
• High heat capacity
• High latent heat of fusion
• High latent heat of vaporization

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5.5 Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Viscosity

• Hydrogen bonds hold water together
• Cohesion
• Surface tension measure of how difficult it is
  to stretch or penetrate the surface of a liquid
• Viscosity resistance to motion or
• internal friction
• Effects of temperature on viscosity

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5.6 Density

• The effect of pressure
• Water is nearly incompressible
• Pressure increases with depth
• Density increases with depth
• The effect of temperature
• Density decreases temperature
• Density of ice
• Density of moist air
• The effect of salt
• Density increases with salinity
• Combined effect of temperature and salinity near
  the freezing point

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5.7 Dissolving Ability

• Water is the universal solvent
• Polar nature of water molecules

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5.8 Transmission of Energy

• Heat
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Light
• Electromagnetic radiation
• Absorption, scattering, and reflection
• Attenuation and Beers Law
• Attenuation and wavelength of light
• Sound
• Speed of sound in seawater
• Dissipation
• Sound shadow zones
• Sofar channel

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Boxed Reading Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean
Climate

• Sound speed and travel time function of
  temperature
• Low frequency sound pulses can measure global
  warming
• Effects on marine mammals

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5.9 Ice and Fog

• Sea ice
• Formed by low air and water temperatures
• Freezing seawater
• Salt water in ice escapes over time
• Icebergs
• Formed by glaciers on land
• Iceberg activity may be due to global warming,
  driving an increased rate of melting
• Fog
• Condensation of moisture forms clouds
• Three types of fog
• Advective fogwarm, water-saturated air passes
  over cold water
• Sea smokedry, cold air moves over warm water
• Radiative fogwarm, moist air cools at night

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Boxed Reading Green Icebergs

• Color of icebergs normally blue to white
• Green ice contains dissolved organic material
  from seawater
• Formed by freezing seawater under ice shelves

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Summary

• Water is a polar molecule
• Water can form hydrogen bonds
• Solid, liquid, and gas
• High heat capacity
• High latent heat of fusion
• Surface tension
• Effect of temperature, salinity, and depth on
• The density of sea water
• The speed of sound in sea water