BCGCA3004B

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BCGCA3004B

• Construct Wall Framing

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Wall Framing

• Building Code of Australia states that
• All timber framing is to be done in accordance
  with AS 1682
• This is an all encompassing standard which
  details the allowable construction methods

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Wall Frame Members

• Parts of a frame perform specific functions-
  supporting live dead loads- resist Racking
  Forces- resist Overturning Forces- resist
  Sliding Forces- resist Uplift Forces -Most
  members provide a face to accept linings (this
  means that member sizes may be
  limited)

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• Timbers Generally Used- Radiata Pine- Oregon
  (Douglas Fir)- Various Hardwood Species
• Various combinations of -timbers, -engineered
  wood products-materials such as steelmay be
  used WHY?

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Galvanized Steel Strap Bracing
Engineered Timber (LVL) Lintels
Radiata Pine Studs
Structural Steel
Engineered Timber (I Beams) Deep Joists
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• Other more exotic Timbers such as Cypress Pine
  may be used.-Why?

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Wall Frames

• Frames are classified into 2 categories
• Load Bearing They are structural frames, they
  transfer loads from roof or upper floor to the
  supporting floor frame. They can be either
  external or internal walls.
• Non Load Bearing - do not support any
  structural loads.- They support their own
  weight- Non structural loads doors and frame,
  kitchen cupboards, driers etc. - support some
  live loads eg Doors closing. Therefore there
  are some minimum requirements for theses AS
  1684.2 cl 6.3.5

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AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5
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Basic Frame Components
Refer page 187 TAFE Guide
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Refer AS1684.2 cl 6.1.2
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Frame Member Functions

• Plates
• Horizontal members that form the top bottom of
  the frame.
• Bottom plate is usually 50mm for unseasoned
  timber 45mm for seasoned.
• Top plate is usually the same section size as
  bottom plate.
• For trussed roof top plates will be 75mm for
  unseasoned and 70mm for seasoned
• Top plate may be made up by 2 x 38 (35)
• Thicker top plates means that trusses or upper
  floor joists do not need to be placed direct over
  a stud

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Plates AS 1684.2 cl 6.2.2
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Studs

• Vertical members placed between the plates
• The set the wall height
• Studs in external frames resist Wind Loads
• Generally Stud sizes are 75mm or 100mm wide by
  50mm or 38mm in unseasoned timbers and70mm or
  90mm wide by 35mm or 45mm in seasoned timbers.
• Required Stud sizes can be found in AS 1684.2
  Supplements

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Studs Continued

• Several Different types of Studs
• - Common- Door Window- Secondary Jamb
  Studs- Jack Short

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Trimmers

• Horizontal members fixed between window studs and
  door studs.
• Referred to as Sill or Head trimmers
• Usually of the same section size bottom plates
• Openings wider than 1800mm require trimmers as
  specified in AS 1684.2 cl6.3.6.6 table 6.3

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Trimming Studs

• Run from Trimmers to Plates
• Used to block out Narrow Lintel
• Where use in conjunction with Lintel they may
  take structural loads
• Must be same depth as wall frame to accept
  finishes
• May also be referred to as Jack, Soldier, or
  Short studs

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Noggins

• Horizontal Member cut between studs to keep them
  - straight- evenly spaced- prevent twisting-
  allows studs to carry higher load- Maximum
  spacing 1350mm, there walls upto 2700mm require
  only 1 row of noggins

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Noggins AS 1684.2 cl 6.2.1.5
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Blocking

• Placed at intersections of wall frames
• Normally 3 Blocks per intersection

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Blocking AS1684.2
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Lintels

• Also referred to as a Head
• Horizontal Load Bearing Member between Studs
• Purpose is to transfer loads to side of openings
• May be made of many materials- Timber-
  Engineered Timbers- Structural Steel or Cold
  Rolled Steel Sections

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Bracing

• Provide lateral stability of Walls
• Provide resistance against racking forces induced
  direct wind loads
• Provide resistance to Roof loads induced onto
  top plates.

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Bracing Methods
Timber Bracing 50 to 75 mm x 19 to 25mm checked
into and nailed flush into face of studs.
Braces must be installed in opposing pairs in
external bracing walls. This method is virtually
never used today. Rated 0.8 kN/m
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Types of Bracing

• Perforated Metal Bracing- Installed in similar
  method as timber brace with a saw cut into the
  plates and studs.
• The brace is then nailed flush onto the studs
  and plates.
• Braces must be installed in opposing pairs in
  external walls.
• Rated 0.8 kN/m

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Types of Bracing
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Types of Bracing

• Flat Metal or Hoop Iron Bracing
• 19mm Wide x 0.8mm
• Zincalume
• Two braces are fixed in opposite directions
• Fitted with Compression Clamps
• Rated 1.5kN/m

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Types of Bracing

• Sheet Bracing
• Structural Plywood (Must be Stamped)
• Hardboard (Masonite)
• Fibre Cement
• Resists Strong Wind Loads
• Can be used on Narrow Panels Why?
• Usually on external walls in cavity Why?
• Minimum 7mm (Not Necessarily Correct)
• Must be nailed off as per AS 1684.2
• Plate Steel can be used in High Wind Load Areas

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Bracing AS 1684.2
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Location of Bracing

• AS 1684 cl 8.3.6.6 states
• Bracing should be evenly distributed and be
  provided in both directions
• Should be placed initially at corners

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Spacing of Bracing Walls

• AS 1684.2 Cl 8.3.6.7 states
• For Single Storey Building or Upper Storey of
  Double Storey Buildings
• Maximum distance between bracing wall shall be
  9000mm for Wind Classifications up to N2

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Plan Prepare For Wall Framing

• Stress Grading of Individual Wall Frame Members
• Seasoned Or Unseasoned

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Stress Grading

• Refers to the Timbers Strength
• Timber must be able to withstand stress loads
  placed on them.
• Overloading may cause straining or failure
• 3 types of stress Compressive Tensile Shear
  Note Torsional Stress is not discussed

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Stress Grading

• Members Sizes will be determined for span tables
• Generally for Residential Construction sizes will
  not be specified by designers
• Why?
• Architect will not want to take responsibility
• Engineer will want to charge extra to do this and
  
• Why would a client want to pay for something that
  he can get done for nothing

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Stress Grading

• Why are members generally specified on Commercial
  projects
• AS 1684.2 Residential Timber Framed Construction
  Guide

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AS 1684.2 Limitations
1.4.4 The Maximum number of storey's of timber
shall not exceed 2 1.4.5 The maximum width of a
building shall 16 000mm, Note, if you use
AS1684.2 simplified max width 12 000mm1.4.6
The maximum wall height shall be 3000mm excluding
gable ends 1.4.7 The maximum roof pitch shall be
35 degrees
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Structural pine grading A3P has announced that
it will not proceed with the introduction of
Structural Pine (SP) grading as previously
planned. Continuing contact with A3P members,
timber merchants, truss and frame fabricators,
designers and specifiers has indicated the
introduction cannot be achieved without major
disruption and unacceptable burden to industry.
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Ordering Timber

• Timber is ordered in lineal metersmay be priced
  in cubic meters
• Increments of 300mm
• Lengths over 3600mm are charged at higher rate
• Timber should be ordered as required - avoid
  unnecessary exposure to weather- affecting cash
  flows- theft- storage

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Material Storage

• Timber should be stored on gluts
• This allows for airflow
• Care should be taken in stack sizes
• Stacks can be strapped for safety

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Storage of Materials

• Timber should be stored as close as possible to
  work area

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What is a Concentrated Load ?
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Frame Construction

• Plates
• The size of plates will depend on 1. Floor Joist
  Spacing2. Rafter / Truss Spacing3. Stud
  Spacing4. Single or Double Storey5. Stress
  Grade of Timber6. Roof Load Width ?

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Roof Load Width (RLW)
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Plates

• Seasoned timbers are dressed therefore trenching
  not required
• Rough Sawn Timbers such as Oregon, Hardwood
  require trenching.
• Housing of plates for studs provides a constant
  thickness
• Trenching keeps Top Bottom plates parallel
• Restrains Unseasoned Studs from twisting

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• Trenching usually appox 10 mm
• Trenching depth is not critical but what is left
  on is.
• Top Plates fully supported on masonary walls will
  be sized based on a 300mm spacing

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Top Plates AS 1684.2

• cl 6.3.4. states that may be a minimum of 35 mm
  if 1. not required to resist uplift forces (i.e
  trusses are nominally fixed and2. Trusses or
  Rafters are located directly above studs or
  within 1.5 times the depth of the plate from the
  stud.

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Joining of Plates

• Where plates are butt jointed they may be joined
  using a connector plate.

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Joining of Plates

• Plates may be Scarfed or Lapped jointed.
• Theses are time consuming and rarely used

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Calculate Plate Lengths

• During Fabrication Top Bottom Plates are the
  same length
• Plates should be as long as possible
• Consider manpower available to stand frames
• Remember Top Plate must be continuous

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Studs

• Stud Sizes are determined by
• Stress Grade
• Stud Spacing
• Rafter/ Truss spacing
• Wall Height
• Roof Load Width
• AS 1684.2 tables only specify 450mm or 600mm
  spacing. These are the most common spacing's

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Stud Spacing

• Stud Spacing Determined by
• Stress Grade
• Stud Spacing
• Rafter/ Truss spacing
• Wall Height
• Roof Load Width and
• If applicable External Sheeting Joints (ie Blue
  Board etc)

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Studs

• Not all external sheeting require critical stud
  placement
• Check with manufactures manual as to requirements
• Generally studs should be aligned with the
  internal face.

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Harditek (Blue Board)
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Studs

• Stud sizes are determined from tables in AS 1684.2

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Calculating Stud Length

• Finished Floor to Ceiling govern stud length
• Minimum Habitable Room is 2400mm Clear
• Floor Finishes1. Carpet 20mm2. Timber Flooring
  40mm (Depending on Batten)
• Ceilings1. 10mm Plasterboard2. 13mm
  Plasterboard

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Calculating Stud Length

• Double Storey building may have FFL (Finished
  Floor Level).
• Allowance must be made for structural members
• Most Importantly Determine if there are any
  height restrictions
• Type of Roof Will affect Stud Heights

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Top Bottom Plates 90 x 45 F5 Step 1
Determine Floor Ceiling Floor Carpet
20mm Ceiling Gyprock 13mm Step 2 Calculate
Stud Length Minimum Clearance 2400mm
Plus Flooring 20mm Plus Ceiling
20mm Wall Height
2440mm less Wall Plates 90mm Stud
Length 2350mm
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Ground Fl Finish Timber (40mm) First Floor
Carpet (20mm) Upper Level Joists 200 x 50
F5 Top Bottom Plates 90 x 45 Step 1-
Determine SFL (Structural Floor Level) SFL First
Floor 28.950 (FFL First Fl) -20
(Carpet) SFL 28.930 SFL Ground Fl
26.200 (FFL Gnd) - 40 (Timber) SFL
26.160 Step 2 Calculate Height Difference SFL
First Floor 28.930 SFL Ground Fl
26.180 Height Difference 2.750
Ground Floor
First Floor
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Step 3 Structural Elements Height Diff
2.750 Less Flooring 0.017 Less Floor Joist
0.200 Less T B Plate 0.090 Stud Length
2.443
Ground Floor
First Floor
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Carpet Both Floors (20mm) Ceilings 10mm
Plasterboard (Allow 20mm) Dimensions are clear
measurements Lower level plates Upper Level
Plates Bottom Plate 90 x 35 F5 Bottom Plate
90 x 45 F5 Top Plate 90 x 45 F5 Top
Plate 90 x 70 F5
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Straightening of Studs
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Calculating Door Heights

• On Concrete Slab
• Using a standard 2040mm x 820mm
• Allow 22mm for Carpet (17mm 5mm)
• 2040 mm Door Height
• 2mm Clearance between Door Jamb
• 20mm for Jamb
• 10mm Clearance between Jamb Head
• 15mm Clearance between Jamb Lintel
• Total 2094mm Say 2100mm

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Calculation of Door Width
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Calculation of Window

• Check with manufacturer if windows are not on
  site
• Generally at same height of doors
• Check on elevations for window heights
• 15mm Clearance between Jamb Lintel
• Allow 10mm under sill

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Window Width

• Care should be taken when setting out to brick
  bond!
• Client may want window to line up with internal
  fitting
• Client may want window dead center of room

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Lintels
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Construct Wall Frames

• Number Wall Frames
• Clock Wise Direction
• Internal Walls Left to Right
• Top To Bottom

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Setting Out Plates

• Confirm Dimensions of Slab/ SubfloorSelect
  Suitable Timber Cut to LengthTack
  TogetherMark Appropriate ID Number on Plate
• Mark Required Studs In Following OrderEnd
  StudsWall Intersections

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Setting Out Plates

• If required prepare a storey rod with the
  appropriate markings (ie Horizontal Vertical
  Bond)
• Set out position of window and doors studs
  remembering to allow for required jamb studs
• If required adjust position to match brickbond
• Set out Common Studs, Jack Studs at required
  spacing

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Preparing Studs

• Use Storey Rod (Pattern Stud) to cut required
  studs
• Mark and check out window and door studs

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Wall Frame Assembly
What are Advantages Disadvantages of
Prefabricated Wall Frames?
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Assembling Wall Frames
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Frame Erection
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Nominal Fixings For Bottom Plates AS 1684.2
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Bracing