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Officiating High School Volleyball

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Title: Officiating High School Volleyball


1
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Doing It Right
  • Notes to accompany DVD from
    www.vbofficiating.com

2
INTRODUCTION
  • This video offers some great information about
    officiating high school volleyball. The narrator
    is USAV National Referee Jim Beyer. Be sure to
    jot any questions on your handout for a
    discussion afterwards.

3
CHALLENGE
  • The DVD uses the services of officials who have
    been asked to demonstrate some scripted
    scenarios. Keep in mind the point being
    illustrated in each segment of the video, and try
    to identify and dont hesitate to critique the
    signals, mechanics, techniques and protocols that
    are shown. Identifying both good and bad things
    that other officials do can help you grow your
    own officiating as well as sharpen your mechanics
    and better understand techniques and proper
    procedures as communicated through the NFHS Rules
    Book and Case Book/Manual.

4
Becoming the Best OfficialThat You Can Be
  • The intent was to facilitate a video volleyball
    clinic for high school referees and umpires. It
    is intended to provide information to help you be
    the best official you can be and
  • Encourage a dialogue between you and a mentor
  • Aid in small group discussions about officiating
  • Provide a tool for local volleyball associations
    to use in helping to train officials, and
  • Offer training that a state association could
    choose to use with coaches and officials to
    promote common understandings

5
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • This video was developed for high school
    volleyball officials in order to
  • Provide consistency in presentations
  • Assist in improvement of officials performance
    while maintaining the highest standards of
    professionalism of the sport
  • Be used in conjunction with NFHS Rules Book and
    the NFHS Case Book Manual

6
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Overview
  • There are many factors to officiate a high school
    volleyball contest
  • To become an official, you must obtain a state
    license or certification, and should strive to
    attain the highest level possible
  • You must maintain this certification by meeting
    annual requirements including attending meetings
  • You must adhere to NFHS Rules in your officiating
    and any adaptations your state may have adopted

7
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Preparation
  • Begins before season gets close through making a
    commitment to offering quality officiating and
    includes
  • Developing a Realistic Schedule
  • Constantly Assessing Your Skill Level
  • Understanding How to Get Matches

8
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Develop a Realistic Schedule
  • Your ability to get matches starts by
    understanding who makes matches available and
    when they may become available, and this varies
    from state to state
  • Your state association may provide information to
    help
  • Working with local volleyball association
    assigners is key
  • Some leagues or conference commissioners may have
    matches to offer
  • Local school administrators (Athletic
    Directors/designees) who dont use an assigner
    may have matches to offer

9
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Develop a Realistic Schedule
  • Avoid attempting to work matches that are well
    beyond your current ability (assess your skill
    level constantly)
  • Working a match for which youre not ready can
    cause a lack of confidence in you and affect
    future contracts
  • Honor your contracts (this is a statement about
    your integrity)
  • Keep a notebook/planner so you can accept/reject
    dates quickly and to ensure you show up to all
    your matches
  • NEVER, EVER double book honesty is paramount

10
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Working Toward Advancement
  • When get a chance to work higher-level match and
    youre already booked, the assignment you
    accepted is binding
  • Consult your assigner/mentor if you have any
    questions
  • Even if you could find a suitable replacement and
    get released, this might not be the right thing
    to do
  • Asking to be released to work another match can
    cost you future contracts and is not the
    professional thing to do
  • Contact partner and host school no later than a
    week before match to ensure information you have
    is accurate

11
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Know the Rules and Be a Student of the Game
  • Study the rules before each season begins
  • Consider attending higher-level matches when you
    are not working including college womens
    volleyball to learn current playing techniques
    and skills
  • Attend your local association meetings and use
    this time to grow your knowledge and lock in the
    new rules
  • Ask questions and keep reading, thinking about
    and discussing the rules throughout the season
  • Work matches Experience is the best teacher

12
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Learn a Practical Approach to Theory
  • To be the best you can be requires a practical
    approach to theory knowledge of the rules is
    not enough
  • Each rule has an intent, and the rules taken
    together provide broad guidance to officials
  • Rules represent theory, and practical rule
    application is what moves you toward becoming an
    effective official
  • Understand why you are officiating and what your
    role is in high school volleyball
  • Learn how match facilitation provides better
    officiating and puts matches in the hands of the
    student-athletes

13
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Learn a Practical Approach to Theory
  • Observe higher-level matches to get a feel for
    match flow, how skills are applied and judged in
    terms of legality
  • Get a feel not so much for what should be called
    but for what should not be called
  • Practice proper officiating mechanics and use of
    signals that look professional and that
    communicate effectively
  • Use of proper mechanics is necessary to conduct a
    match that benefits all who participate
  • Use a mirror to catch bad signaling habits

14
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Perception Is Reality
  • Your character and conduct will always be under
    scrutiny
  • Dont show the type of casual and unprofessional
    behavior that the official in the video is
    showing with feet up at the officials table,
    talking on a cell phone
  • At no time should your give the impression of
    partiality, comment on the performance of a team
    or fellow official or accept a match at a school
    in which you have a personal affiliation

15
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Teamwork and a Cooperative Attitude
  • Your pledge to give your best effort, support
    your partner and keep emotions in check must be
    constant
  • These are part of teamwork and a cooperative
    attitude
  • Make impartial decisions, recognizing the
    possibility errors may occur
  • Reflect on situations after the match so your
    attention is on that next call
  • Do not allow yourself to be distracted or
    influenced by players, coaches or spectators

16
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Impartiality
  • Maintain the highest level of professionalism
  • Again, perception is reality
  • Over-familiarity is as harmful as being
    unapproachable or showing an air of superiority
  • Slap on the hands with player can be seen as bias
  • The hand-in-the-face to the coach is
    inappropriate

17
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Plan to Leave the Court Together
  • After performing necessary tasks at the
    conclusion of the match (signing/initialing
    scoresheet), you should plan to gather your
    belongings and leave together
  • Try to use a non-spectator exit
  • Neither avoid nor seek contact with coaches or
    players
  • At no time, are public comments to be made
    concerning the match to anyone
  • Report any irregularities or unsportsmanlike
    incidents immediately to your state association
    and assigner

18
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Reflecting upon the Match
  • Keeping a journal of an honest assessment of your
    performance and experience can pay rich dividends
    for future matches
  • No matter what level, each match deserves your
    best effort
  • Take time for a post-match discussion to grow
    your officiating
  • Arrange your post-match when you have your
    pre-match with your partner

19
Officiating High School Volleyball
  • Violations Must Be Penalized
  • When violations occur, they must be penalized
  • Where actions or words could be used to prevent a
    violation, officials are permitted to issue a
    warning before there is a violation that has to
    be penalized
  • Preventive officiating includes warnings,
    reminders, seeking information and, if need be,
    ignoring and denying requests that do not give an
    advantage to either team
  • This concludes the Overview (Chapters 1 and 2)

20
THE CLINIC
  • Three Main Areas of Responsibility/Focus
  • Pre-Match (Chapter 3 begins at 705)
  • During the Match
  • Post-Match

21
Pre-Match
  • Develop an Entrance Plan with Your Partner
  • No later than a week before the match, contact
    partner and host school to verify details
  • Ensure accuracy of information you are going by
  • Initial information could be wrong so assume
    nothing
  • This communication establishes the cooperative
    team effort that promotes the importance of the
    match
  • Dont leave messages on answering machines or
    email without asking for a reply
  • Have cell phone numbers of your partner, assigner
    and host management to deal with unforeseen
    delays

22
Pre-Match
  • Arrival at the Site
  • Ideally, establish a time to meet to ride
    together or meet at the location
  • If at all possible, meet and walk in together
    (reinforces concept of teamwork)
  • Ensure time for pre-match discussion with partner
    to set expectations and understandings
  • Delay in arrival should be the exception, not the
    norm

23
Pre-Match
  • Arrival at the Site
  • Minimize outside contact with anyone other than
    event manager, typically the Athletic Director or
    designee of the home school and might be one of
    the home coaches
  • Find this individual and find out where host
    management will be available before, during and
    after the match
  • Identify secure room for dressing/storage of
    belongings
  • Before (or after) getting dressed, go over any
    special ground rules, inspect the court and
    equipment and identify any special promotions
    that might affect the timing of the matches
    including delay in starting time

24
Pre-Match
  • Arrival at the Site
  • If the host school has provided a private and
    secure area, hopefully with bathroom and shower
    facilities, this can be a good place to conduct
    the pre-match meeting
  • Find out if water will be provided and anything
    from concessions but do not push the concessions
    issue
  • Pre-match discussion with partner sets
    expectations and creates understandings this
    occurs most comfortably in private but if a
    partner is delayed may have to occur courtside

25
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion
  • Can use a pre-match checklist which is available
    at www.vbofficiating.com
  • Before the officials go to the court, they should
    meet in private to discuss referee and umpire
    responsibilities
  • This is a key time for creating understandings
    between the officials so they can function as a
    team throughout the match

26
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist (Chapter 4, 917)
  • Referee/Umpire Pre-Match Conference is led by the
    referee
  • Maintain eye contact/communication before, during
    and after every rally (centering, part of
    referees scan)
  • Deer-in-the-headlights look (umpire takes lead,
    same with referee if umpire is stuck)
  • If referee looks at umpire during play, a shake
    of head by the umpire typically means that the
    play was okay, nothing should be called, play on

27
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist
  • However, there can be an agreement between
    referee and umpire that a ball hit into the tape
    with a block up where the umpire believes that
    the block did not touch the ball would be shown
    with a head shake that will mean I didnt have a
    touch by the block
  • There should be an agreement that the umpire will
    get the referees attention quickly for game
    interruptions such as time-outs, substitutions,
    lineup checks, floor wipe, shoe tie, blood issue,
    and time needed at officials table

28
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist
  • Agreement upon discreet/informal signals is
    crucial
  • Preference should be set regarding how to show
    that the next contact will be 4 hits (show
    early/not show early, etc.)
  • Typically, umpire doesnt show a touch signal
    based on philosophy of only showing rally-ending
    information
  • Should discuss that umpire will step out with a
    clear 4-hits signal for the unanticipated 4 hits
    (extra contact seen by umpire this is a trust
    me call)

29
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist
  • Umpire stepping to side of team umpire has losing
    the rally lets referee know what help umpire is
    offering
  • Should discuss hands calls where umpire believes
    the referee has been screened (illegal hits, 2
    hits)
  • In addition, discuss whether the umpire should
    show an informal signal for illegal hit or 2 hits
    when the umpire sees ball handling that the
    referee has already whistled as a fault earlier
    in the match (not in the range of what the
    referee has been allowing considered a rescue
    call)

30
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist
  • Umpire leads on bang-bang attack/block/antenna
    play or ball untouched by block into the tape and
    landing out
  • Illegal attack (back-row/attack of
    serve/libero/attack off a libero set in attack
    zone) or illegal block
  • Umpire should step out to show a ball down that
    touches the court, and the referee should scan to
    pick up the call but if not and the referee
    does not shake off the call no longer discreet
    and the umpire should whistle it
  • Referee has to trust the umpire on these calls
    since it will be the umpire who explains the call
    to the affected coach

31
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist
  • On illegal attack or block, umpire shows informal
    signal, hesitates to see if referee looks but, if
    sure, whistles/calls if referee doesnt look but
    not if referee waves it off
  • The important thing is to get the call right
  • Game point on shoulder of team that has game
    point after umpire verifies with scorer referee
    does not signal back
  • If ball goes behind referee, umpire takes the
    next contact (signaling ball-handling fault, out
    or touched out) while referee takes the center
    line and net calls
  • If there is an intermission, agree where to go

32
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist
  • Exit plan for leaving court at the end of the
    match and leaving the venue/school
  • Meet with coaches on court with both officials
    present, cordial greetings and wish good luck
  • Officials divide duties with referee typically
    checking the net height and using the chain as a
    plumb bob/line to properly place the antennas
  • Umpire checks game balls with pressure gauge (no
    Charmin test and can mark valve to identify
    game balls)

33
Pre-Match
  • Pre-Match Discussion Checklist
  • Referee typically briefs or instructs line judges
    on expectations, signals and techniques and ball
    shaggers
  • Umpire verifies experience of scorer and
    assistant scorer (libero tracker) and reviews
    libero replacement with libero tracker and libero
    serving with both
  • Umpire establishes rapport with scoretable staff
    including timer/scoreboard operator and announcer
  • Identify where host management representative
    located
  • Umpire steps to the sideline to request a card
    (no secret)
  • If umpire puts toes to the line, referee will
    call across court

34
Pre-Match
  • In Uniform at the Court
  • You must be in uniform at the court no less than
    30 minutes before the scheduled starting time
  • This is a minimum amount of time, and more time
    is actually needed to ensure ability to handle
    any net or other equipment problems and to
    conduct an effective pre-match with your partner
  • Your first impression walking in can establish
    your credibility for the entire match and the
    future
  • You get one chance to make a first impression

35
Pre-Match
  • Initial Impression, Professional Expectations
  • Appearance sets the tone of professionalism, and
    walking in with your partner emphasizes that you
    are a team
  • A neat, clean, pressed uniform, a fit appearance
    and proper equipment is expected
  • Carrying your uniform to the school rather than
    wearing it to the site is preferred since this
    makes it less likely that you will have a
    wrinkled look
  • You should have two official shirts and two pair
    of black dress pants, preferably without cuffs,
    as back-up

36
Pre-Match
  • Initial Impression, Professional Expectations
  • Black dress shorts if the venue is extremely warm
  • Your shoes/socks combination should match the
    options approved by your state association
  • If a jacket is worn to the court, it should be
    black
  • Your equipment should include a small bag that
    you bring courtside that contains a variety of
    needed tools of the trade

37
Pre-Match
  • Professional Expectations
  • Tools of the trade include
  • A flipping coin between a quarter and a dollar or
    a special coin with easy-to-understand
    designations
  • Yellow and red cards
  • A wrist watch with stopwatch ability
  • Two whistles (preferably black with black
    lanyards)

38
Pre-Match
  • Professional Expectations
  • Small carrying bag you bring courtside
  • A net-measuring device
  • Ball-pressure gauge
  • Ball pump
  • Rule Book and Case Book/Manual
  • Extra watch
  • Pen and pencil
  • Breath mints to help with whistle breath

39
Pre-Match
  • Schedule Duties So Match Starts on Time
  • Both officials re-check court to ensure properly
    marked
  • Determine and address safety equipment concerns
  • Identify any special ground rules
  • Check padding of referee stand, both posts,
    antenna placement, exposed metal, and anything
    else that involves safety
  • As a courtesy, at an appropriate time, greet the
    coaches when both are courtside

40
Pre-Match
  • Take A Little Time with the Coaches
  • Be cordial but brief
  • Spend equal but short amount of time with each
    coach
  • Ask if the coaches have any questions (early
    season, these would probably be more focused on
    new rules)
  • Communicate any special ground rules
  • Do NOT be overly familiar to avoid the appearance
    that the officials might show favoritism
  • End the meeting by saying good luck or have a
    great match

41
Pre-Match
  • Divide the Pre-Match Duties Referee
  • Measures net, checks for tightness of net
  • Places antennas using net chain as plumb
    bob/plumb line so inside edge of antenna is right
    over the outside edge of each sideline
  • Ensures metal at bottom of antennas is covered
  • Verifies necessary padding is present for both
    posts, referee stand, metal net pulls, etc.
  • Ensures referee stand is stable and proper height

42
Pre-Match
  • Divide the Pre-Match Duties Umpire
  • Assures that benches, chairs and tables are
    positioned correctly
  • Measures suitability and pressure of each ball to
    be used in the match, ensuring game balls are
    stamped with NFHS authentication seal
  • Ensure all balls used are inflated to same
    pressure between 4.3 and 4.6 pounds per square
    inch
  • Marks valves to distinguish game balls

43
Pre-Match
  • Identify Location of Host Management
  • If there are equipment issues, knowing where the
    representative of host management is located can
    help with timely resolution
  • This is especially true if there are net
    adjustment or referee stand problems or if
    additional padding or coverings are needed

44
Pre-Match
  • Conduct Conference and Coin Toss (Chapter 5,
    1206)
  • This occurs prior to timed pre-match warm-up
  • Referee and umpire facing the court together,
    showing you are a team
  • Referee blows whistle and calls for head coaches
    and captains to meet for pre-match conference and
    coin toss
  • Head coach and at least one captain from each
    team are required to attend the conference which
    is administered by the referee

45
Pre-Match
  • The Referee
  • Conducts the conference and indicates that
    coaches and captains should introduce themselves
    (shake hands, say names)
  • Introduces self and the umpire by name
  • Clearly explains ground rules, the format for the
    match and warm-up protocols (x minutes shared
    court, x minutes serving team, x minutes
    receiving team)
  • Asks if there are any questions and asks the
    umpire for additional information

46
Pre-Match
  • The Referee
  • To be proactive, mentions that all players remove
    all jewelry and any hair control that are not
    legal (coaches, captains, are both your teams
    legally equipped and properly attired?)
  • Conducts coin toss which should precede the timed
    warm-ups after verifying bench selected by home
    team
  • Shows both team the side of the coin that will be
    heads and the side that will be tails (or any
    other insignia used to call the toss)

47
Pre-Match
  • The Referee
  • Identifies which visiting team captain will call
    toss and which home team captain will verify what
    she called
  • Instructs visiting team captain to call the toss
    in the air, noting that the coin will be tossed,
    caught and uncovered and, if dropped, there will
    be a re-toss
  • Tosses the coin which should rotate in the air,
    catches the coin and uncovers the result without
    turning the coin over
  • Conducts a re-toss if the toss is not properly
    called or the coin is dropped

48
Pre-Match
  • The Referee
  • Shows the result of the toss to both teams
  • Since the home team has already chosen its side,
    notes the options for the winner of the toss are
    serve or receive
  • Verifies the choice made by the winner of the
    toss, reiterates warm-up protocol (shared court,
    who will have exclusive use of the court first)
  • Puts coin in pocket of team that will serve first
    with frame of reference being the referees
    position on the stand while the umpire does the
    same with frame of reference being the officials
    table

49
Pre-Match
  • The Referee
  • Indicates the expectation of good sportsmanship
    and something along the lines of have a great
    match or good luck
  • As players and coaches shake hands, both
    officials put their coins in the pocket of team
    that will serve first with referee using position
    on the stand and umpire using the officials
    table as frame of reference
  • Immediately instructs scorer who serves first
    while umpire instructs timer when to begin timing
    warm-up
  • As back-up both referee and umpire keep time on
    their watches

50
Pre-Match
  • Coin Toss Prior to a Deciding Game
  • Teams go to end lines, and referee whistles and
    signals for captains to meet with umpire for the
    toss
  • The coin toss may occur near the referee stand
    where the referee can observe the toss
  • Home team captain will call the toss, and winner
    of toss has options of serve, receive or
    bench/side
  • Umpire reports results of the toss to the referee
    who whistles and signals teams to either switch
    sides or report to their current benches
  • Umpires wishes players good luck and verifies
    outcome to scorer and ensures timer starts clock

51
Pre-Match
  • Rosters and Lineup Submission (Chapter 6, 1430)
  • Rosters are due no later than 10 minutes prior to
    start of match, and initial lineups are due no
    later than 2 minutes prior to the end of the
    timed warm-up
  • The umpire uses prevention to obtain rosters
    prior to the time they are due as well as lineup
    sheets
  • The umpire also makes sure lineups are submitted
    by both head coaches no later than 1 minute prior
    to successive games
  • Both umpire and scorer are responsible for
    ensuring lineups have no duplicate numbers or
    numbers of players not on the roster

52
Pre-Match
  • Lineup Submission and Recording Information
  • Umpire and scorer check to see if a libero is
    listed and to verify that new lineup form is used
    that shows serving order rather than initial
    court positions.
  • As courtesy, the umpire brings it to coachs
    attention if there is any missing information
    (such as no captain identified and no libero
    shown) or if the old lineup sheet was used
  • As scorer enters numbers on scoresheet, umpire
    provides an extra pair of eyes to verify players
    were listed in correct serving order and does the
    same with the libero tracker

53
Pre-Match
  • Lineup Submission and Recording Information
  • Umpire verifies numbers on scoresheet are the
    numbers on the submitted lineup for each team
  • Umpire also ensures team that will serve first
    has been marked correctly and that names and
    numbers of the officials have been entered on the
    scoresheet along with the printed name of the
    scorer

54
Pre-Match
  • During the Warm-up (Chapter 7, 1534)
  • Referee instructs the line judges as to their
    duties while the umpire monitors the warm-up and
  • When time permits or the referee is done
    instructing the line judges, umpire identifies
    the ability/experience of the scorer and
    assistant scorer and establishes rapport
  • The referee establishes how line judges will
    signal and the importance of strong, clear
    signals and eye contact
  • The umpire sets expectations regarding reporting
    illegal libero replacements, libero serving,
    wrong server and illegal substitutions and may do
    a short tutorial
  • Either the umpire or referee would instruct the
    ball shaggers

55
Pre-Match
  • During the Warm-up
  • As much as possible, both officials watch the
    teams as they warm up to get a feel for the
    match, ensuring safety on and around the court
    including the off team possibly infringing on
    the space of the team that has the court
  • Both referee and umpire watch ball handling,
    figure out who are the setters and what positions
    they will start in and look for obvious position
    players to determine easy ways of identifying
    opposites and their positions
  • Both officials look for setter and opposite,
    identify likely setter formation (5-1, 6-2, 4-2),
    and main hitters

56
Pre-Match
  • During the Warm-up
  • Officials should not make any comments or
    gestures about the skill levels of the players of
    form any pre-conceived notions
  • This is a good time for prevention and the
    identification of jewelry or illegal equipment,
    checking the uniforms of regular players for
    legal numbers, ensuring no exposed midriffs and
    looking at libero uniforms for contrast and
    number legality
  • If the referee completes line judge instruction
    in about 5 minutes, both officials should have
    the opportunity to observe both teams setting and
    hitting the ball

57
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • It is the responsibility of the home school to
    provide trained and qualified line judges,
    hopefully prior to the start of the season
  • Regardless, the referee has to quickly assess the
    experience and ability of each of the line judges
  • Based on this assessment, the referee offers
    either a refresher or basic initial instruction
    covering initial positioning, line judge signals,
    movement away from play of the ball, eye contact
    during and after play, position when server is
    close to the left sideline, position during
    time-outs, and position between games

58
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • Highly recommended that adults be used, not
    players
  • In reality, few schools may properly train line
    judges
  • Line judges should refrain from actions or
    wearing clothing that give the impression of
    partiality
  • Some schools value the contributions of line
    judges and pay them, although this does not
    guarantee competence
  • The referee takes the line judges to the
    intersection of the side line and end line to the
    right of the referee or umpire to avoid hindering
    the teams warming up or have balls hit into them

59
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges Chapter 8, 1726
  • The more experienced or competent line judge is
    typically positioned to the umpires right
  • As a guide for consistency, the acronym SALT
    helps line judge instruction Server, Antenna,
    Lines and Touch
  • S Server means the referee reminds line
    judges that if the server comes within 6 feet of
    the line judge, the line judge should move behind
    or to the side of the server in order to not
    distract the server
  • The referee may instruct the line judge to move
    laterally away from the sideline and right on the
    end line based but the line judge has to move
    quickly back into position to make a call on a
    served ball hit down the sideline

60
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • When the line judge gives up the end line, the
    referee will pick up the foot fault
    responsibility
  • Referee reminds line judges that the server must
    be on the playing surface to initiate the serve,
    cannot contact the end line or the court before
    contacting the serve and must be inside or on the
    extension of the side line
  • Jump servers can be over the end line as the
    serve is contacted a jump server is judged by
    last contact with the floor prior to contacting
    the serve
  • All non-servers must be completely on their court
    the moment the serve is contacted

61
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • The referee demonstrates the signal for a foot
    fault with or without flags and then has the line
    judges repeat the signal
  • The referee moves to instruction regarding A -
    the antenna - asking that the line judges
    visualize the antenna extending indefinitely to
    the ceiling
  • For a ball to remain in play, it must cross the
    net entirely inside the antenna without touching
    the antenna or any fixture outside the antenna
    (referee stand, post, etc.)
  • If it does not, it is an antenna fault including
    balls that contact the antenna in the net or the
    part of the net that is outside the antenna

62
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • The referee demonstrates that by moving off their
    corners to line up a ball crossing the net near
    the antenna,it will enable them to call both
    antennas accurately
  • The referee demonstrates the signal for antenna
    fault and has the line judges show the signal
    with or without flags
  • Next L Line is covered with the referee sharing
    that each line judge is responsible for his/her
    sideline and end line
  • The ball is in if it hits the floor on or inside
    the line

63
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • The ball is in if it hits the floor on or inside
    the line in this video, the producers put in
    several errors to see how sharp you were
  • The referee is showing the line judges, who are
    then demonstrating the same call, but the flag
    and hands are being directed toward the line the
    ball landed near and not the middle of the court
    as line judges are supposed to signal
  • Referees will tell line judges to show a ball
    that is down on the court when the line judge can
    see the ball land ANYWHERE on the court,
    especially if a play is being made on the ball

64
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • Even if a line judge believes it to be obvious
    that the ball landed in, the line judge should
    signal in whenever the ball lands inside the
    court including the lines of the court
  • Line judges never know when the referee and
    umpire are screened on a ball possibly touching
    the court, so the line judges call may show that
    the ball touched the court and this might be the
    only official to have the call
  • Making the call toward the line, then, is not
    accepted technique since the flag or two hands
    (without flag) should be pointed to the middle of
    the court
  • The ball is out if it hits the court outside
    the lines
  • Line judges call out only on balls that land
    out

65
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • Line judges call out only on balls that land
    outside the court on their assigned sideline or
    end line (or both) and not on the sideline or end
    line which belong to the other line judge
  • Referee demonstrates the signal with or without
    flag, and the line judges repeat the signal
  • A good suggestion is not to follow the path of
    the ball once there is no chance of a touch by
    a defensive player but rather to look ahead
    (shoot the eyes) to an approximate spot where the
    ball will hit the floor, letting the eyes settle
    and be steady as the ball lands

66
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • The referee should remind the line judges of the
    possibility of being overruled and not to take it
    personally
  • The referee assumes responsibility for the
    overrule based on the referees angle and how
    well the line judge may have sold the referee
    with a strong call
  • If a line judge is screened from seeing a ball
    land, the signal is arms crossed in front of
    chest, with or without a flag line judges
    should not guess a call
  • When an overrule is necessary because the referee
    is certain an error has been made, the referee
    shakes the head no, tweet-tweets and shows the
    corrected call

67
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • T is for Touch, which is shown when a player
    touches the ball and it hits the floor out of
    bounds on that players side of the court
  • However, if a touched ball crosses the plane of
    the net outside the antenna and goes to the
    opponents side of the court, this should not be
    signaled as a touch call but, rather, as an
    antenna fault
  • The referee demonstrates the touch signal, with
    or without flag, and the line judges repeat the
    signal
  • The touch signal with hands is shown with raised
    hand on the side of the player that touched the
    ball with the other hand lightly brushing the
    fingers at head height

68
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • If both line judges see the touch, both should
    signal it
  • In the DVD, the only line judge signaling the
    touch is on the side on which the ball then
    landed out when it is likely that the other line
    judge also saw the ball touched
  • Line judges are instructed not to show a touch
    call while the ball is in play since touch means
    the ball has landed out of bounds

69
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • Note the referees informal signal of legal
    attack when the short libero attacked the ball
  • As with other decisions made by line judges, the
    LJs are not to be influenced by players, coaches
    or spectators
  • If a line judge hears any improper comments, the
    LJ should report the comments to the referee
    after the rally
  • The instructions to line judges include where to
    stand during a time-out and between games, to
    move if a player goes after a ball in the line
    judges direction and to maintain eye contact
    with the referee when making a call and at the
    end of each rally

70
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • The instruction to line judges that their
    position during time-outs is at the intersection
    of the sideline and attack line on the referees
    side of the court (toes to the line) is important
    primarily based on the opportunity this offers to
    communicate
  • From this position, instruction can occur as
    needed including fixing the use of incorrect
    signals, a line judge not making calls when the
    ball lands, the need for more eye contact, along
    with offering support, encouragement and praise
    as well as to move the line judge on the bench
    side away from that team

71
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • Line judges are instructed that if a ball is
    touched and lands in, the call should be in,
    not touch
  • Most schools do not use ball shaggers which means
    a line judge may occasionally need to retrieve a
    loose ball
  • Line judges should be instructed to make the call
    first, then go after the ball
  • For introductions and National Anthem, the normal
    position for line judges is to join the referee
    and umpire between the centerline and attack
    line
  • The officials stand closest to the centerline on
    either side of the net with line judges on the
    outside and on the side of the official on whose
    side they will be positioned

72
Pre-Match
  • Instructing the Line Judges
  • Some states will have the referee to the right of
    the referee stand along with the line judge who
    will be to the right of the referee while the
    umpire will be bench-side along with the line
    judge who will be to the right of the umpire
    during the match
  • The referee thanks the line judges in advance for
    the difficult and often thankless job they will
    do during the match
  • Unless something unusual occurs, line judges
    remain in the positions in which they started the
    match and are not replaced unless there are
    serious performance issues that are affecting the
    match or an urgent need occurs

73
Pre-Match
  • Instructing Ball Shaggers
  • If ball shaggers are used by a school, they need
    to be instructed in their duties so that players
    are not endangered by an errantly rolled ball
  • The key is that ball shaggers remain alert and
    get the ball to the next server expeditiously
  • Properly done, the flow of the match is greatly
    enhanced
  • Typically, there are three ball shaggers for a
    three-ball rotation, one at either end and one
    behind the referee stand, and they can help match
    tempo tremendously

74
Pre-Match
  • Instructing Ball Shaggers
  • Ideally, the next server receives the ball while
    the other two balls are sought after and
    exchanged
  • The position of the ball shaggers is determined
    by the configuration of the facility, but ball
    shaggers typically are placed on the side of the
    referee, remote from the corners and center line
  • The ball exchange occurs behind the referee stand
    rather than bench side where players are
    constantly moving onto and off the court
  • Ball shaggers should carry a towel to ensure the
    ball is dry as they get the ball to the next
    server

75
Pre-Match
  • Instructing Ball Shaggers
  • This establishes the tempo mentioned earlier
  • Ball shaggers are certainly not required, but
    they can greatly benefit a match, and student
    volunteers will suffice
  • Instruction in the DVD is shown as offered by the
    umpire, but other states may have the referee
    handle this responsibility

76
Pre-Match
  • Checking the Lineup Sheet (Chapter 9, 2244)
  • Before the first game, the teams line up on the
    end line and are beckoned to the centerline by
    the referee to shake hands and immediately go to
    their positions.
  • If this occurs after introductions/National
    Anthem with teams on the end lines, teams are
    permitted a little time to huddle at the bench,
    then are brought onto the court where they may be
    directed to the end lines and brought on the
    court with another gesture by the referee.
  • At this time, teams should assume their position
    in the rotation to allow the umpire to conduct a
    lineup check.
  • The umpire uses a lineup card although in some
    states umpires use the lineups submitted by the
    coaches.

77
Pre-Match
  • Checking the Lineup Sheet
  • The DVD says that, in successive games, teams
    line up on the end lines and are beckoned onto
    the court where they immediately go to their
    positions
  • However, in some states, teams simply are brought
    back onto the court by the umpires whistle and
    move into their positions in the rotation
  • With ball in hand, the umpire uses a lineup card
    to ensure the players are in their correct
    positions
  • In some states, umpires are permitted to use the
    lineups submitted by the coaches to do the lineup
    checks
  • Nothing should be taken for granted

78
Pre-Match
  • Checking the Lineup Sheet
  • The umpire first checks the receiving team, back
    row, authorizes the libero to enter, and front
    row, then signals the number of the captain to
    the referee, showing a c and then the number
  • Umpires who dont have an established convention
    for signaling numbers may gesture to the captain
  • The umpire then checks the serving team, back
    row, authorizes the libero to enter, and front
    row and either rolls the ball to the first server
    to avoid having to signal captain number while
    holding the ball or signals the captain and then
    rolls the ball
  • Both umpire and referee chart setter positions

79
Pre-Match
  • Checking the Lineup Sheet
  • The umpire verifies that scoretable staff are
    ready, returns the lineups (if using lineup
    sheets for lineup check) and if ball shaggers
    are being used either rolls a ball to the ball
    shagger at the end of the court on each side or
    verifies that the ball shaggers have ball in hand
    and are ready
  • Then, the umpire quickly steps back into position
    on the receiving teams side while charting
    positions of both the serving team and receiving
    team to verify setter positions and each teams
    rotation

80
Prior to the Serve
  • Checking the Lineup Sheet
  • The umpire and referee should have completed
    their scans, allowing service to be authorized
  • The umpire extends an open hand to the referee to
    signal readiness but not until the umpire is in
    position on the receiving teams side
  • The referee completes his/her scan, then
    establishes eye contact with the umpite, called
    centering, establishing readiness for play
  • The referee should also attempt to center with
    both of the floor captains to verify their
    readiness

81
Prior to the Serve
  • Scanning and Centering
  • The referee scans the court from the line judge
    on receiving team side, receiving team, the
    setter and opposite player, receiving team bench,
    scorers table, umpire, serving team bench, line
    judge on the serving team side, serving team, the
    setter and opposite, and server
  • All of this is done in a few seconds (after
    considerable practice)
  • The referee uses centering and goes back to the
    umpire who would be standing back from the court
    (not in the position shown for illustrative
    purposes only), then authorizes serve

82
At Service Contact
  • The Serve
  • At the exact moment the serve is contacted, the
    referee watches for violations by the server
    (foot fault, illegal serve) and violations by the
    serving team (overlap/illegal alignment,
    screening)
  • The umpire, prior to the beckon for service,
    identifies the setter on the serving team and the
    setter on the receiving team, listens for the
    contact of serve and concentrates on receiving
    team overlap violations
  • If either official spots a player with a foot
    down off the court (other than the server), this
    is typically handled by guiding the player to
    become legal rather than making a call

83
At Service Contact
  • The Serve
  • The referee follows the flight of the ball,
    making sure it legally travels over the net,
    focusing on the receiving team players part of
    the body ready to pass the serve
  • The umpire helps the referee with this first
    contact by staying in position, then transitions
    to the blocking teams side
  • This protocol is followed for every live ball for
    the entire the match making sure not to
    transition if there is a play at the net to avoid
    missing a net foul or center line violation

84
During the Match Responsibilities
  • The Serve Chapter 10 (2541)
  • In addition to what has been previously
    mentioned, after the whistle and then beckon for
    serve, the server has five seconds to contact the
    ball
  • The referee will discreetly count to himself or
    herself, one one-thousand, two one-thousand to
    ensure the server is not delaying serve
  • If a server releases the ball for service, then
    catches or drops it, the referee signals for a
    re-serve, then authorizes and directs a second
    and last attempt to serve
  • There are no additional re-serves available to
    that server during this term of service, but each
    substitute during the term of service is entitled
    to one re-serve

85
During the Match Responsibilities
  • The Serve
  • If during a given term of service, a player who
    has been given a re-serve is substituted back in
    to serve again, this player does not have an
    additional re-serve available
  • During this time, no interruption requests will
    be honored such as for a substitution, time-out,
    or lineup check, nor may either team make a
    libero replacement
  • There is one re-serve and only one re-serve per
    player serving in that term of service

86
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Screening
  • While screening is not often called, it is
    becoming evident that teams are using screen
    techniques as part of their defensive strategy
  • Screening is an action by the serving team which,
    in the judgment of the referee, prevents the
    receiving team from seeing the contact of the
    serve and the flight of the served ball
  • Potential screens exist when players are standing
    close together or in a stack
  • Individuals or groups that raise or wave hands or
    move sideways with the served ball passing over
    them also create the potential for a screen

87
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Screening
  • In addition, a serving team player who moves to
    block the view of a receiving team player who has
    moved to see the serve contact should be called
    for a screen
  • Screening is illegal even though it is perceived
    to be unintentional
  • Rule 6, Section 4, Article 1 says Players on the
    serving team shall not take action to prevent
    receivers from seeing the contact of the serve or
    the path of the served ball
  • Preventative officiating allows for a warning,
    but a screen may be called whether or not a
    warning is issued
  • Officials are not supposed to judge intent and,
    while potential screens may be warned, actual
    screens should be called

88
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Factors for a Screen
  • The referee should weigh the following factors in
    judging whether a screen has been committed
  • Relative positions of the serving team in
    relationship to one another
  • Path of the serve
  • Speed of the serve
  • Trajectory of the serve
  • If any of the above factors does not come into
    play, a screen has not been committed (serve 1
    not over a clear group screen and serve 2 high
    trajectory and not a rocket, speed-wise however,
    serve 3 low and short over the screen, and
    screening is called)

89
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Factors for a Screen
  • When warning a team that a potential screen
    exists, the referee should show the screening
    signal to alert the umpire and coaches that this
    is what is being addressed
  • The referee may address comments to the players
    forming the screen or call the captain to the
    stand
  • Without delaying play, the serving team should be
    advised of the potential screen to allow the
    players to separate, lower hands, bend or take
    other actions to allow the receiving team to see
    the serve
  • Receiving team players are not entitled to a
    particular spot on the floor but receivers are
    also not required to move more than a step or so
    to try to see around a group screen that covers
    much of the court by where the server positions
    herself

90
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Factors for a Screen
  • The rules identify as potential screens a player
    standing in front of the server, a player or
    players of the serving team waving arms, jumping
    or moving sideways and the ball is served over
    any of these players
  • It should be noted that no receiving team player
    is entitled to a position on the court and that,
    if unable to see the server, the player should
    move
  • However, if a player on the serving team moves to
    block that players view (and it can be a subtle
    adjustment of position as shown in the video),
    the referee should call screening
  • As you can see in the video, line judges may be
    in a very good position to see screening but they
    are not permitted to assist the referee in making
    this judgment

91
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Overlap Alignments
  • Before addressing the subject of overlap and
    alignments, it is important to understand the
    types of offenses teams run based on the number
    of setters
  • There are three basic offenses
  • 4-2 setter comes from the front row (2 setters)
  • 6-2 setters come out of the back row (2 setters)
  • 5-1 setter is always the same player, therefore,
    the setter comes from the back row and the front
    row in different rotations this offense
    probably used most
  • The key to making sure players are in their
    proper position usually allies with the position
    of the setter and who is opposite at the moment
    the serve is contacted (the player who plays
    opposite the setter in a 5-1 is called the
    opposite)

92
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Overlap Alignments
  • The positions of each team on the court are
    numbered and named
  • 1 Right Back (RB)
  • 2 Right Front (RF)
  • 3 Center Front (CF)
  • 4 Left Front (LF)
  • 5 Left Back (LB)
  • 6 Center Back (CB)
  • Players shall be in correct order with no
    overlapping of adjacent players front to back and
    side to side at the contact for service

93
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Overlap Alignments
  • The position of the player is determined by the
    players foot relative to the adjacent player
  • A front-row player must have a part of the foot
    closer to the center line than the corresponding
    back-row player
  • A right-front (back) player must have a part of
    the foot closer to the right sideline than a part
    of the foot of the center-front (back) player
    judging with the foot closest to the right
    sideline
  • Players may move prior to the serve but must be
    in their correct positions when the serve is
    contacted
  • After the serve is contacted, players may move
    from their respective positions

94
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Overlaps Occur for a Variety of Reasons
  • They enhance team passing
  • Facilitate server and hitter transitions
  • They disguise modes of attack (where coming from,
    who is a front-row player)
  • The gray areas of the rules can be applied to
    issue a warning when a team is close to an
    overlap (in the video situation, it appears that
    the setter is CB who is clearly behind the CF
    while the LF is back in serve receive the CF
    and RF are close to an overlap but are legal
    assuming no movement prior to serve contact )

95
During the Match Responsibilities
  • Overlaps Occur for a Variety of Reasons
  • At no time, however, should an overlap be
    ignored, but officials should be 105 before an
    overlap is called
  • Undoubtedly, the affected coach will inquire
    which players were overlapped (and/or the
    positions of the overlapped players) so be ready
    to give information (1 left too soon) or a brief
    reason (position switch, setter or hitter left
    early, LF/LB, etc.)

96
During the Match Responsibilities
  • General Duties of the Referee and Umpire
  • Referee Chapter 11, 3153
  • Responsible for initiating play
  • During play, the referee follows the ball,
    concentrating on ball handling and player
    positions
  • Before each play, referee determines the position
    of the setters for each team (Red 7/Blue 14 is
    a start but RF left, RF right may be more useful
    some incorporate this into identifying all
    back-row players on both teams or both teams
    lineups on the courts for each rally)
  • Verify positions with setters and their opposites
    and possibly include who leads and who follows
    the setter

97
During the Match Responsibilities
  • General Duties of the Referee and Umpire
  • Referee
  • Serving team players will often call out numbers
    of the teams front row or number of hitters and
    setter live (front row) or dead (back row)
  • To evaluate ball handling, the referee should
    anticipate and focus on the part of the body of
    the receiving player that will contact the ball
    by looking ahead of the ball once the ball will
    clear the net
  • When the ball is in play near the net, the
    referee should widen focus to include the plane
    of the net
  • Note that the referees hand signal awarding loss
    of rally is the new signal also note that the
    hand signal is not straight out parallel to the
    floor

98
During the Match Responsibilities
  • General Duties of the Referee and Umpire
  • Referee
  • The referee should have hands comfortably at
    his/her side and should not have hands resting on
    the stand since this does not look professional
  • Looking comfortable is a good thing but this must
    be matched by good mechanics/signaling and
    position on the stand
  • When the ball hits the floor, the referee blows
    the whistle immediately to stop play
  • If there is uncertainty as to whether the ball
    was in or out or whether there was a touch
    on the play, the referee looks at the line judges
    before giving a signal

99
During the Match Responsibilities
  • General Duties of the Referee and Umpire
  • Referee
  • In the situation shown on the video, the referee
    scanned the line judge on her side for
    information before showing the ball was out
  • However, the referee did not appear to include
    the other line judge or the umpire in the scan
    which can lead to signaling out and then having
    to accept that another official is showing a
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