SEPARATION OF MATTER

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SEPARATION OF MATTER

• Matter is separated into three states SOLID,
  LIQUID, GAS.
• Matter can also be broken down into distinct
  materials, each category representing a specific
  type of material. A flow chart will show the
  linking of these types of materials.

THE ATOMIC - MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of Matter

• Physical properties characteristics of a
  material which may be determined without altering
  the composition of the material bp (boiling
  point), mp, color, density etc., no change in the
  chemical identity occurs.
• Chemical properties characteristics of a
  material which involves altering the composition
  of the material, the ability to form new
  substances by decomposition or reactions with
  other substances. A rearrangement of the atoms.
  
• Phase a sample of matter that is uniform
  throughout, both in its chemical composition and
  its physical state.
• Chemical Bonds the attractive forces, the
  glue, strong enough to maintain a group of atoms
  together for an indefinite amount of time.

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Physical Changes The substance or mixture does
not alter in atomic composition. Some Physical
Changes are boiling, evaporation, condensation,
freezing, melting, sublimation, and deposition.
Associated with Physical Changes are Physical
Properties like boiling or freezing point,
density, hardness, and state of matter. H2O (l)
? H2O (g) Chemical Changes The substance
changes in its atomic composition, the atoms are
rearranged and new substances are formed. 2 H2O
(l) ? 2 H2 (g) O2 (g)
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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of Matter
Separated by physical methods
Separated by physical methods
Separated by physical methods
Separated by chemical methods
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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of Matterdefinitions

• Matter occupies space and has weight.
• Energy the ability to do work
• Materials a particular type of matter, generic
  term.
• Mixture has variable composition, can be
  separated by physical methods.
• Heterogeneous mixture has properties which vary
  from region to region, can be separated into a
  homogeneous mixture or a substance.
• Homogeneous mixture uniform properties
  throughout, also called a solution. Can be
  separated into substances.

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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of Matter

• (Pure) substance a material which can not be
  separated by physical methods into 2 or more
  materials which have different characteristics.
• Compounds a material containing two or more
  elements or molecules.
• Molecules the smallest grouping which a
  substance can be divided into without forming a
  new substance, a group of 2 or more atoms held
  together by strong forces called "bonds".
• Atoms the smallest particle of matter which has
  distinctive chemical characteristics, generic
  term, composed of a nucleus surrounded by
  electrons.
• Elements a specific substance which can not be
  decomposed into simpler substances by chemical
  means, an atom with a specific number of protons,
  neutrons, and electrons.

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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of Matter A
microscopic view
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may come in one of three forms
COMPOUNDS
IONIC SALTS
MOLECULES
Composed of two or more nonmetals
Composed of a metal a nonmetal
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IONS a charged atom The number of protons do
NOT equal the number of electrons. Cations posit
ively charged ions formed when electrons are
lost. Na Anions negatively charged ions formed
when electrons are gained. Cl-
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• Chemical structure the position and geometry
  of the atoms in a molecule.

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THE PERIODIC TABLE

• Metals
• Located on the left side of the periodic table
• Tends to lose electrons to form cations
• Has low ionization energies electronegativity
  values
• Forms compounds with nonmetals but not other
  metals
• Good conduction of heat and electricity
• Lustrous malleable solids excepts Hg which is
  a liquid
• Ductile

• Nonmetals
• Located on the right side of the periodic table
• Tends to gain electrons to form anions
• Has high ionization energies electronegativity
  values
• Forms compounds with both metals and nonmetals
• Poor conduction of heat and electricity
• Non-lustrous brittle or gaseous
• Non-ductile

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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of Matter
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The Atomic-Molecular Theory of Matter

• Nucleus the small positively charged kernel,
  composed of protons and neutrons.
• Protons a positively charged particle, has a
  mass 1.67 x 10-27 kg or 1 amu (atomic mass
  unit) usually symbolized as H or p.
• Neutrons neutral particles with the same mass as
  the proton, contributes weight but no charge.
• Electrons a negatively charged particle, has a
  mass 9.1 x 10-31 kg (1/1837 amu) usually
  symbolized as e-.

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YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS 4

• 1. Classify the following as an element,
  compound, or mixture (heterogeneous or
  homogeneous).
• _____ air _____ oxygen
• _____ tin can _____ sugar
• _____ Windex _____ crude oil
• _____ suntan lotion _____ gummi bear
• 2. A white solid is dissolved in water. The
  resulting colorless, clear liquid is boiled in a
  beaker until dryness. White crystals remain in
  the beaker. The liquid can be classified as
  a(n) ______________.
• 3. Classify the following as physical or
  chemical changes.
• _____ photosynthesis _____ baking
• _____ writing with pencil _____ snowing

E
HO
E
C
HE
HO
HE
HO
Homogeneous mixture
CC
CC
PC
PC
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GROUP STUDY PROBLEM 4

• 1. Classify the following as an element,
  compound, or mixture (heterogeneous or
  homogeneous).
• _____ wine _____ root beer
• _____ penny _____ table salt
• _____ Bleach _____ wood
• _____ diamond _____ vinegar
• 2. A clear blue liquid in an open beaker was
  left in the hood. After 1 week, the beaker
  contained only blue crystals. The original
  liquid can be classified as a(n) ______________.
• 3. Classify the following as physical or
  chemical changes.
• _____ perspiration _____ sugar dissolving
• _____ fermentation _____ aging