War and the American State, 19141920

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Chapter 22

• War and the American State, 1914-1920

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Chapter 22

• Part A

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
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Causes of WWI

• There were many causes of the War. Here are but
  a few of the more important ones
• The system of alliances The Triple Entente
  made up of England, France and Russia. Other
  countries were also part of the entente.
• The Triple Alliance made up of Germany,
  Austria-Hungary and Turkey.

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Causes Continued

• Increase in Armaments Between 1900 and 1910 a
  rise in the army and navy of European powers.
• The influence of Newspaper through out Europe and
  England.
• The increase of the military on policy
  determination. The Von Schlieffen Plan.
• All these factors and influences came to head 28
  June 1914.

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Causes Continued

• On 28 June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his
  wife Sophia were were killed by Gravilo Princip.
• The Serbian Black Hand society had trained seven
  students to assassinate the Archduke.
• 28 July 1914 Austria- Hungary declared war on
  Serbia, Serbia was backed by Russia.

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Causes of WWI

• By 4 August 1914 all of Europe was at War.
• The United States under President Woodrow Wilson
  declared that the U.S. would be neutral in this
  war. We would be neutral both in thought and in
  action.
• Reasons why we, as a nation, could not be neutral
  in thought or action

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Actions by the United States

• Culturally we were tied to the was in Europe.
  One-half could trace their lineage to England.
  The other half was divided into various fractions
  among the other nations that were at war.
• Psychological factor the English were using
  propaganda to sway American opinion against
  Germany and pro-British.

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Actions by the United States

• Economically we could not stay out the war in
  thought or in action. We traded with both sides
  thereby in our minds remaining neutral.
• World War I gave the United States a rare
  opportunity to choose on which side we would
  fight, for both sides were violating our rights.

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The Case against England

• England was violating the Declaration of London
  one two points 1. That food was not contraband.
  2. The doctrine of Continuous voyage. That
  doctrine stated that neutral ships bound from
  neutral port to a neutral port had the right of
  continuous voyage.

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The Case Against Germany

• The case against Germany 1. The attack at the
  Black Tom munitions plant in New Jersey. 2.
  The unrestricted use of submarine warfare by the
  Germans.
• First U.S. Vessel sunk by Germany was on 1 May
  1915 the Gulflight.
• 7 May 1915 the sinking of the Lusitania killing
  1200 of which 128 were U.S. citizens.

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Germany Continued

• In February 1916 the Germans sank the French
  vessel Sussex.
• They quickly adopted the Sussex pledge, which
  stated that they would warn all ships before
  sinking them.
• However Germany had other plans in mind when they
  did that. They suspended all submarine warfare
  to make President Wilson appear to be in control.

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Torpedoing of the Lusitania 7 May 1915
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Cartoon portraying William Jennings Bryan an ally
of the Germans
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Election of 1916

• For the Democratic Party meeting in St. Louis 14
  June 1916 nominated for President Thomas Woodrow
  Wilson and for Vice-president Thomas R. Marshall.
• For the Republican National Convention meeting in
  Chicago 7 June 1916 nominated for President
  Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes and
  for Vice-president Charles W. Fairbanks.

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Election of 1916 Continued

• Wilsons campaign was based on the idea that he
  kept us out of War, he ran a campaign almost
  totally ignoring his Hughes and focusing on the
  nations prosperity and peace.
• Hughes railed against Wilsons wishy-washiness in
  dealing with Mexico and Germany.

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Election Continued

• The election was decided by one incident that
  occurred in California.
• The incident is called the forgotten handshake,
  between Charles Evans Hughes and Hiram Johnson.
• The results of the election were Wilson 277,
  Hughes 254 electoral vote. Popular vote 9,127,695
  or 49.4. Hughes 8,533,507 or 46.2.
• California had 13 electoral votes.

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WWI Continued

• 31 January 1917 Germany announces that beginning
  1 February 1917 they will resume all out
  unrestricted submarine warfare.
• The Russian Revolution of March 1917 made it
  possible for the United States to fight
  foursquare on the side of democracy.

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Chapter 22

• Part B

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Events Leading to War

• 1 March 1917 the Zimmerman Note. The note was
  dated 19 Jan. 1917 from the German foreign
  secretary Arthur Zimmerman to the German minister
  in Mexico Heinrich von Eckhardt.
• Note was intercepted by British intelligence and
  decoded and given to Walter Hines Page U.S.
  Ambassador to Great Britain.

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WWI Continued

• 2 April 1917 President Wilson asks congress for a
  declaration of War against Germany.
• Congress voted 4-6 April for war Senate 4 Apr.
  82-6, house 6 Apr. 373-50.
• Wilson had stated in his war message that the
  world must be made safe for democracy.

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Preparing for War

• American had to prepare for war both emotionally,
  physically and financially.
• George Creel was hired to sell the war to the
  American people.
• Two slogans were used to accomplish this task
  The War to End War and The war to Make the
  World Safe for Democracy.
• The American People believed President Wilson.

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28th Keystone Division training on use of bayonet.
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WWI Continued

• Treatment of disloyalty Congress adopted the
  following acts to prevent disloyalty. 1. The
  Espionage Age June 1917, provided heavy
  penalties for attempts to obstruct recruiting or
  spread treason among troops. 2. Sedition Act
  May 1918, extended the penalties to those who
  obstructed the sale of bonds, discouraged
  recruiting, or who uttered language abusive of
  the government, Flag or the Constitution.

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Disloyalty Continued

• 3. The statute of October 1918 authorized the
  deportation without jury trial of aliens who
  advocated the overthrow of the government.
• Further preparations for war
• Mobilizing manpower the Selective Service Act 18
  May 1917. This act required all men ages 18-45
  years of age. 2 million men went overseas.

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Further Preparations

• Congress created the Council of National Defense
  July 1917 and gave it dictatorial powers over
  the nations manufacturing. They in turn created
  other agencies The Emergency Fleet Corporation,
  to purchase, build, or requisition ships to
  bridge the Atlantic Ocean.
• The War Shipping Board To appropriate German
  ships in American ports.

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Mobilizing the Farmer

• To assure adequate food for the U.S. and its
  troops overseas, the Food Administration was
  created Herbert Hoover was in Charge. His task
  to increase production and decrease consumption.
  
• Meatless Mondays
• Wheatless Wednesday
• Hooverize to find a substitute
• A set price for farm production.

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Mobilizing Natural Resources

• The Fuel Administration was created to deal with
  the production and reducing consumption of
  energy.
• Harry A. Garfield was in charge.
• Fuelless Mondays
• gasless Sundays
• Daylight Savings Time

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Mobilizing Finance

• Congress floated 5 issues of bonds to pay for the
  war totaling around 6 Billion dollars.
• War was declared on 6 Apr. 1917 however our
  forces did not arrive until June of 1917 but
  didnt see action until October of 1917. Our
  forces were led by General John J. Blackjack
  Pershing.

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Gen. John J. Blackjack Pershing (1860-1949)
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AEF

• Most of the World War I was fought in France.
• Second battle of the Marne
• Chateau -Thierry
• Meuse-Argonne
• Western Front
• Two battles outside France Archangel and Murmansk

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Armistices Date

• The war came to an end on 11 November 1918 at
  1100 a.m. at the Forrest of Compaine.
• U.S. cost of war Total death for the U.S. were
  112,432. Battle death were 48,909. Over half of
  our dead were due to disease.
• Direct expenditure 21,850 million.

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Fourteen Points

• On the 8th of January 1918 President Wilson
  issued his fourteen points for peace in Europe
  after the war. The summary is as follows
• Freedom of the seas
• reduction in armaments
• no secret treaties
• drawing of boundaries along nationalistic lines.
• Removal of economic barriers
• creation of the League of Nations

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Versailles Efforts

• In October 1918 President Wilson asked the
  American people to elect a democratic controlled
  congress. The American people by electing a
  Republican controlled congress. President Wilson
  made some mistakes after that election.
• He elected to personally go to Versailles to
  represent the United States.
• He chose a very weak delegation make up of the
  following

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Versailles Continued

• Col. Edward M. House
• Sectry. Of State Robert Lansing
• Gen. Tasker H. Bliss
• Protocol officer Henry White
• He ignored the Republican controlled congress.
• Henry Cabot Lodge
• Hiram Johnson
• William Borah

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Versailles Continued

• Before President Wilson left for Versailles he
  was told by a group of Senators not to sign a
  treaty ending the war and creating the League of
  Nation. But rather they advised him to sign two
  treaties one creating the League and another
  ending the war.
• In Wilsons mind this simply could not be. Peace
  required the League to safeguard the peace.

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Versailles Continued

• President Wilson met at Versailles with three
  other men
• From England David Lloyd George
• From France Georges Clemenceau
• From Italy Vittorio Orlando
• Together they are known as the Big Four. They
  will determine all aspects of the treaty that
  will end WWI.

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The Big Four, Orlando, George, Clemenceau, Wilson
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Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924)
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Treaty continued

• The treaty provided for the following
• Forced Germany to admit guilt for starting the
  War.
• Stripped Germany of al colonies..Baltic region,
  Alace-Lorraine, Posen.
• Germany to pay restitution approx. 56 Billion
  dollars.
• Stripped Germany of its entire military and Naval
  forces.

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Treaty Continued

• Treaty of Versailles signed in June 1919 and
  brought to the United States in July and
  submitted to congress for ratification. In the
  Senate three factions develop because of the
  treaty Democratic followers of Wilson, headed by
  Hitchcock, The reservationtists led by Lodge and
  the Irreconcilables led by Johnson and Borah.

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Twenties Continued

• The era of the Red Scare
• A. Mitchell Palmer
• J. Edgar Hoover
• The Election of 1920, Americans were tired of
  Wilsons high moral style and instead wanted a
  more human president, they wanted a party man
  instead got a putty man.

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Alexander Mitchell Palmer (1872-1936)