Defining Leadership

1
Defining Leadership
2
Leadership

• Leadership
• Example of leaders

3
Conventional Examples of Strong Leaders
4
Components

• A process of influence
• Sanctioned influence
• Leaders and followers
• Voluntary surrender control
• Goal oriented context

5
Leadership v.s. management

• Leadership is a managerial task
• Management is leadership applied to business
  situations
• an effective manager should possess leadership
  skills, and an effective leader should
  demonstrate management skills.

6

• Management involves power by position.
• Leadership involves power by influence.
• managers concerned themselves with tasks while
  leaders concerned themselves with people.

7
Managers Versus Leaders

• Leaders
• Are appointed or emerge from within a work group
• Can influence other people and have managerial
  authority
• Do not necessarily have the skills and
  capabilities to be managers

• Managers
• Are appointed to their position
• Can influence people only to the extent of the
  formal authority of their position
• Do not necessarily have the skills and
  capabilities to be leaders

Leadership is the process of influencing a group
toward the achievement of goals.
8
Definition

• The use of noncoercive influence to direct and
  coordinate the activities of the members of an
  organized group toward the accomplishment of
  group objectives
• The process

9
The importance

• Goal-directed functions
• Generating and maintaining the required effort
• Directing and coordinating the effort
• Attracting new followers
• Symbolic function
• Representing the group or organization
• Focal point
• Heroic, large-than-life value

10
The transactional model
11
Three forces

• Followers
• Interaction and exchange between
• Situation
• leader

12

• Leadership Questions
• ?Who do you consider leaders in your
• school?
• ?What do you think makes someone an
• effective leader? Which of those qualities do
  you have?

13
Factors Affecting Leadership Style
14
Leadership style

• The way in which a leader uses power to lead
  others determines his or her leadership style.

15
(No Transcript)
16
Types of Leadership Style

• Autocratic
• Leader makes decisions without reference to
  anyone else
• High degree of dependency on the leader
• Can create de-motivation and alienation of staff
• May be valuable in some types of business where
  decisions need to be made quickly and decisively

17
Authoritarian (autocratic)

• Decision maker?
• Consulting employees?
• Question How might an autocratic sales manager
  do with quota?

18
Types of Leadership Style

• Democratic
• Encourages decision making from different
  perspectives leadership may be emphasised
  throughout the organisation

19
Types of Leadership Style

• Democratic
• May help motivation and involvement
• Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas
• Improves the sharing of ideas and experiences
  within the business
• Can delay decision making

20
Participative (democratic)

• Decision maker?
• Consulting employees?
• E.g. How will a democratic sales manager do with
  quota?

21
Types of Leadership Style

• Laissez-Faire (free rein)
• The leadership responsibilities are shared by
  all
• Can be very useful in businesses where creative
  ideas are important
• Can be highly motivational, as people have
  control over their working life
• Can make coordination and decision making
  time-consuming and lacking in overall direction
• Relies on good team work
• Relies on good interpersonal relations

22
free rein

• Decision maker?

23
Analysis

• Make an analysis of the former CEOs of ATT. What
  are their leadership styles? Why do they take
  such a style?

24
Four factors affect leadership style

• people
• the job
• management support
• personal characteristics

25
People
The performance levels expectations

• Employees with high expectations
• People-centered
• Democratic
• To work on their own

• Employees with low expectations
• Work-centered
• Autocratic
• Close supervision

26
people

• How to motivate people?
• Satisfy the need of people with different kinds
  of leadership style

27

Hierarchy of need

• --Abraham maslow

28
Pursue inner talent
Achievement mastery recognition respect
Friends family spouse lover
Security stability freedom from fear
Food water shelter warmth
29
people

• Different kind of motivation
• Question
• But how about when your employees have various
  needs?

30
The job

• Compare which leadership style is more
  efficient, democratic or autocratic?
• Urgent or not
• Analysis or coordination
• Uncertainty or certainty

31
Management Support

• The reward system
• The approval and support of higher management

32
The Reward System

• Short-run reward system authoritarian leadership
• Long-run reward systemmore democratic leadership

33

• Examples
• Koppers corporations incentive program base on a
  three-year period performance.
• Phillips Petroleums two separate incentive
  program.

34
The approval and support of
higher management

• People-oriented leader
• Autocratic leader

35
Personal characteristics

• Question
• What characteristics should a leader has?
• Suggest you are a nonmanagerial employee what
  kind of character of the leader do you like most?

36
Some important characteristics

• Sincerity
• Knowledge
• Need to be accepted

37
Would you like an insincerity person to be your
leader?

• A silent tongue and true heart are the most
  admirable things on earth.
• -----proverb
• Insincerity is a stumbling block of the
  management. An insincerity leader cant make the
  job go smoothly.
• But sincerity is opposite.

38
Is a knowledgeable leader useful?

• If a leader lack of knowledge, is he competent?
• Should a leader is more knowledgeable than his
  employees?

39
Should the leader be lonely?

• Many managers complain about the loneliness of
  the leadership.

40
Summarization

• It s, of course, vital to recognize that no
  leadership style is correct, and that style is
  always dependent upon the particular
  situation, and the nature and culture of the 
  organization

41
Question

• Which leadership style is the best one?
• When facing extremely easy and extremely
  difficult situation, which leadership style is
  suitable?
• When facing moderately difficult situations?

42
The History of Leadership Thought
43
Ten streams of leadership thought

• Personality Era
• Influence Era
• Behavior Era
• Situation Era
• Contingency Era

44
Ten streams of leadership thought

• Transactional Era
• Anti-Leadership Era
• Culture Era
• Transformational Era
• Integrative Era

45
Personality Era

• Leaders are born, not made.
• The qualities essential for leadership could not
  be taught.
• Research focused on identifying personal
  characteristics that differentiated leaders from
  nonleaders was unsuccessful.

46
Influence Era

• Leadership was considered as influence over
  others, through power and persuasion.

47
Behavior Era

• Leaders actions and rewarding of followers was
  important

48
Situation Era

• Social status and group, environmental, and
  sociotechnical influences on the leader are
  brought into the analysis of leader
  effectiveness.

49
Contingency Era

• The most appropriate leader behavior was
  contingent on the situation.

50
Transactional Era

• The exchange relationship between leader and
  members, that is, their agreed-upon roles,
  rewards, and interaction, was more fully
  developed in this era.
• Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in
  the direction of established goals by clarifying
  role and task requirements.

51
Anti-Leadership Era

• Authors questioned whether leaders made a
  difference to the performance of organization.
• Leaders may be only symbols of organization.
• Elements of the leadership could substitute for
  active leadership.
• Neutralizers and supplements

52
Culture Era

• Leaders were seen as the creators and maintainers
  of an organizations culture.

53
Transformational Era

• The focus was on how the organizational member
  was transformed or changed by the leader.
• Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their
  own self-interests for the good of the
  organization by clarifying role and task
  requirements.
• Leaders who also are capable of having a profound
  and extraordinary effect on their followers.

54
Integrative Era

• The streams of leadership thought are coming
  together and each major stream will have an
  influence on the understanding on leadership
  organizations.