Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering

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Chapter 13Genetic Engineering

• Section 13-4
• Applications of Genetic Engineering

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Transgenic Organisms

• The Genetic Principles Are Universal For All Life
  Forms
• Based On DNA
• All DNA Uses The Same Base Sequences
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cyctosine
• Genes Can Be Transferred Between Species
• Transgenic Organisms

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Transgenic Organisms

• With The Newly Developed Technologies, Genes Can
  Be Transferred Between Species.
• An Organism Which Has Received The Gene of
  Another species is called a
• Transgenic Organism

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Transgenic Organisms

• Key Concept
• Genetic Engineering Has Spurred The Growth Of
  Biotechnology, A New Industry That Is Changing
  The Way We Interact With The Living World

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Transgenic Microorganisms

• Reproduce Rapidly
• Easy To Grow
• Used To Produce Human
• Insulin
• Growth Hormone
• Clotting Factors

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Transgenic Animals

• Mice with Human Immune Cells To Study Effects Of
  Disease
• Food Animals with Extra Genes For Growth Hormone
  So The Grow Faster
• Cows
• Fish
• Pigs for Organ Transplants

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Transgenic Animals

• Chickens Resistant To Salmonella Shigella
• Animals That Produce Human Proteins In Their Milk

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Transgenic Plants

• GM Plants Are Already In US Food Supply
• 52 Soy Beans
• 25 Corn
• Typical Modifications
• Bt Genes To Lower Pesticides
• Resistance To Weed Killers

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Transgenic Plants

• Future Plant Projects
• Plants That Grow Human Antibodies
• Plants That Grow Plastic
• Plants With Added Vitamins
• Golden Rice

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Cloning

• Cloning Is The Process Of Using A Donor Cell From
  An Adult Organism To Grow A New Individual
  Genetically Identical To The Organism From Which
  The Donor Cell Was Taken

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Cloning

• Ian Wilmut, Scotland, 1997
• Cloned A Sheep Dolly

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Cloning The Process
Can Be Any Diploid Cell With A Nucleus
Donor Nucleus

• Step 1
• Donor Cell Taken From Animal To Be Cloned

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Cloning The Process
Donor EGG Cell

• Step 2
• Donor Egg Taken From Another Animal Of The Same
  Species This Nucleus Will Be Removed and
  Discarded

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Cloning The Process
Slight Electric Current
Donor Egg with Nucleus Removed

• Step 3
• Donor Egg Cell With The Nucleus Removed Is Fused
  With The Donor Cell Containing The Nucleus From
  The Animal To Be Cloned

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Cloning The Process
If Fused Cell Begins Replicating It Will Be
Placed In Tissue Culture Until It Becomes A
Blastocyst.
Blastocyst

• Step 4
• In Vitro Development
• Create Blastocyst From Cloned Donor Nucleus

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Cloning The Process
SurrogateMother
Blastocyst

• Step 5
• In Vivo Development
• Blastocyst Implanted In Uterus of Surrogate Mother

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Cloning The Process

• Step 6
• Birth - Hopefully

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Cloning

• Animals Cloned Since 1997
• Cows
• Pigs
• Mice
• Ethical Issues?

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Human Cloning
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Human Cloning