Introduction to Cooperative Learning

1
Introduction toCooperative Learning

• EDTE 408
• Principles of Teaching

2
Six Key Elements To Cooperative Learning

• Teams
• Will to Cooperate
• Cooperative Management
• Skill to Cooperate
• Four Basic Principles
• Cooperative Structures

3
Concept 1 Teams

• What is a cooperative team?

Strong, positive team identity Four members
Endures over time Heterogeneous
4
Concept 1 Teams

• How are teams formed?

Variety of methods Friendships or
interests Random teams Teacher assigns students
to teams Heterogeneous - maximize the
probability of peer tutoring and improving
cross-race and cross-sex relations
5
Concept 1 Teams

• What is the best way to form teams?

Teacher assignment teams Can be held together for
a long time Students form a strong team
identity Teams learn to learn together
6
Concept 1 Teams

• What are some problems with other methods?

Random The luck of the draw can put four low
achievers on the same team Friends Choose
Classroom management problems, leaving someone out
7
Concept 1 Teams

• How big should teams be?

Four members per team Allows pairs work Teams of
more than four do not lend themselves to enough
participation and they are harder to manage
8
Concept 2 Will to Cooperate

• Three ways in which the will to cooperate is
  created and maintained

Teambuilding Classbuilding Use of cooperative
task and reward structures, including recognition
systems
9
Concept 2 Will to Cooperate

• Teambuilding and Classbuilding

Activities for team and classbuilding provide
unique learning experiences not afforded by
traditional exclusive emphasis on academic
content Found in workplace - should be in
classrooms too
10
Concept 2 Will to Cooperate

• Task and Reward Structures

PAT Cooperative Task Structures - A Group
Product Grading problems? Improvement
Scoring Team Scores as a recognition system, not
a report card
11
Concept 3 Cooperative Management

• Room Arrangement
• Quiet Signal
• Teacher and Student Modeling
• Manageable Noise Level
• Efficient Distribution of Materials
• Class Rules and Procedures

12
Concept 4 Skill to Cooperate

• Developing Social Skills

Modeling Defining Role-playing
13
Concept 5 Basic Principles

• Four Basic Principles to Cooperative Learning

Positive Interdependence Individual
Accountability Equal Participation Simultaneous
Interaction
14
Concept 5 Basic Principles

• Simultaneous Interaction

Distribute Supplies Materials Monitor from each
team distributes materials to teammates Discuss
Topic All students discuss views in pairs Form
Teams Students simultaneously look for names on
tables Share Answers All students engage in
choral response Receive Help Students ask a
teammate and receive immediate help
15
Concept 5 Basic Principles

• Positive Interdependence

Weak Forms The success of each team member is
likely to contribute to success of others The
success of teams is likely to be facilitated by
success of individual members Intermediate
Forms The success of each team member
contributes to success of all teammates, but a
team member could succeed on own The success of a
team is facilitated by the success of each
member, but team could succeed without success or
contribution of every member
16
Concept 5 Basic Principles

• Positive Interdependence

Strong Forms The success of every team member is
not possible without success/contributions of
each The success of a team is not possible
without success or contribution of each member
17
Concept 5 Basic Principles

• Individual Accountability

Students can be made individually accountable by
having each student receive a grade on his/her
portion of the team project Each student
responsible for a unique portion of a team
learning product Whatever the form of individual
accountability, the contribution of each
individual is made known to the team
18
Kagans Simple

• Cooperative Learning Strategies
• Teacher Tools to Construct Learning

19
Cooperative Structures

• Agreement Circles
• Students stand in a large circle, then step to
  the center in proportion to their agreement with
  a statement by a student or teacher.

20
Cooperative Structures

• Blind Sequencing
• Students sequence all pieces without peeking at
  the pieces of teammates.

21
Cooperative Structures

• Circle-the Sage
• Students who know, stand to become sages
  teammates each gather around a different sage to
  learn.
• Students return to teams to compare notes.

22
Cooperative Structures

• Corners
• Students pick a corner, write its number, go
  there, interact with others with same corner
  choice in a Rally Robin or Timed Pair Share.

23
Cooperative Structures

• Fan-N-Pick
• Played with higher-level thinking Q cards. 1
  fans, 2 picks, 3 answers, 4 praises. Students
  then rotate roles.

24
Cooperative Structures

• Find My Rule
• The teacher places items in a frame (two boxes,
  Venn, on a line) students induce the role.
• Two Box Induction
• Whats My Line
• Crack My Venn

25
Cooperative Structures

• Find Someone Who
• Students circulate, finding others who can
  contribute to their worksheet.
• People Hunt Students circulate, finding others
  who match their own characteristics.
• Fact Bingo Find someone who played on bingo
  worksheet.

26
Cooperative Structures

• Find the Fib
• Teammates try to determine which of three
  statements is a fib.
• Fact or Fiction Teammates try to determine if a
  statement is true or false.

27
Cooperative Structures

• Flashcard Game
• Flashcards in pairs, with rounds progressing from
  many to no clues

28
Cooperative Structures

• Formations
• Students stand together as a class to form shapes.

29
Cooperative Structures

• Four S Brainstorming
• Sultan of Silly, Synergy Guru, Sergeant Support,
  and the Speed Captain play their roles as they
  quickly generate many ideas which are recorded by
  Synergy Guru.
• Think Pad Brainstorming No roles. Students
  generate items on think pad slips, announcing
  them to teammates and placing them in the center
  of the table.

30
Cooperative Structures

• Idea Spinner
• Spin Captain Shares an Idea or Quizzes a Pal
  to Summarize, Evaluate, Explain, or Predict.

31
Cooperative Structures

• Inside/Outside Circle
• Students in concentric circles rotate to face a
  partner to answer the teachers questions or
  those of the partner.

32
Cooperative Structures

• Jigsaw Problem Solving
• Each teammate has part of the answer or a clue
  card teammates must put their info together to
  solve the team problem.

33
Cooperative Structures

• Line Ups
• Students line up by characteristics, estimates,
  values, or assigned items.
• Value Lines Students line up as the agree or
  disagree with a value statement.
• Folded Split Line Ups Students fold the Line
  Up or Split and Slide it to interact with someone
  with a different point of view, characteristic,
  or estimate.

34
Cooperative Structures

• Lyrical Lessons
• Students write and/or sing songs based on
  curriculum, often to familiar tunes

35
Cooperative Structures

• Match Mine
• Receivers arrange objects to match those of
  Senders whose objects are hidden by a barrier.
• Draw-What-I-Say Receiver draws what sender
  describes.
• Build-What-I-Write Receiver constructs what
  Sender has described in writing.

36
Cooperative Structures

• Mix-Freeze-Group
• Students rush to form groups of a specific size,
  hoping not to land in lost and found.

37
Cooperative Structures

• Mix-Pair-Discuss
• Students pair with classmates to discuss question
  posed by the teacher.

38
Cooperative Structures

• Mix-N-Match
• Students mix, then find partners with the
  matching card.
• Snowball Students toss crumpled papers over
  imaginary volleyball net, stop, pick up a
  snowball, then find the person with the matching
  snowball.

39
Cooperative Structures

• Numbered Heads Together
• Students huddle to make sure all can respond, a
  number is called, the student with that number
  responds.
• Paired Heads Together Students in pairs huddle
  to make sure they both can respond, an A or B
  is called, the student with that letter responds.

40
Cooperative Structures

• One Stray
• The teacher calls a number students with that
  number stray to join another team, often to
  share.
• Two Stray Two students stray to another team,
  often to share and to listen.
• Three stray Three students stray to another
  team, often to listen to the one who stayed to
  explain a team project.

41
Cooperative Structures

• Pairs Check
• Students work first in pairs each doing a problem
  and receiving coaching and praise from their
  partner then pairs check and celebrate after
  every two problems.

42
Cooperative Structures

• Pairs Compare
• Pairs generate ideas or answers, compare their
  answers with another pair, and then see if
  working together they can come up with additional
  responses neither pair alone had.

43
Cooperative Structures

• Paraphrase Passport
• Students can share their own ideas only after
  they accurately paraphrase the person who spoke
  before them.

44
Cooperative Structures

• Partners
• Pairs work to prepare a presentation, then
  present to the other pair in their team.

45
Cooperative Structures

• Poems for Two Voices
• Partners alternate reading A and B lines of a
  poem, and read AB lines together in unison.
• Songs for Two Voices Partners alternate singing
  A and B lines of a song, and sing AB lines
  together in unison.

46
Cooperative Structures

• Q-Spinner
• Students generate questions from one of 36
  prompts produced by spinners.

47
Cooperative Structures

• Rally Robin
• Students in pairs take turns talking.
• Rally Toss Partners toss a ball (paper wad)
  while doing Rally Robin.

48
Cooperative Structures

• Rally Table
• Students in pairs take turns writing, drawing,
  pasting. (2 papers, 2 pencils per team)
• Pass-N-Praise Students in pairs take turns
  writing and hand their paper to the next person
  only after receiving praise.

49
Cooperative Structures

• Reading Boards
• Students manipulate game pieces relating to the
  song as they sing along.

50
Cooperative Structures

• Rotating Review
• Teams discuss topic chart their thoughts rotate
  to the next chart to discuss and chart their
  thoughts.
• Rotating Feedback Teams discuss, then chart
  their feedback to another teams product then
  rotate to do the same with the next team.

51
Cooperative Structures

• Round Robin
• Student in teams take turn talking
• Turn Toss Students toss a ball (paper wad)
  while doing Round Robin.
• Think-Write-Round Robin Students think, then
  write before the Round Robin.

52
Cooperative Structures

• Round Table
• Students in teams take turns writing, drawing,
  pasting. (1 paper, 1 pencil per team)
• Rotating Recorder Students take turns recording
  team responses.
• Simultaneous Round Table Round Table with more
  than one recording sheet passed at once. (4
  papers, 4 pencils per team)

53
Cooperative Structures

• Sages Share
• Students Think Pad Brainstorm ideas, and each
  initial those ideas they can explain. Then
  students take turns interviewing the sages
  those who can explain an idea they dont
  understand.

54
Cooperative Structures

• Same Different
• Students try to discover whats the same and
  different in two pictures, but neither student
  can look at the picture of the other.

55
Cooperative Structures

• Send-A-Problem
• Teammates make problems which are sent around the
  class for other teams to solve.
• Trade-A-Problem Teammates make problems which
  are traded with another team to solve.

56
Cooperative Structures

• Showdown
• Teammates each write an answer, then there is a
  showdown as they show their answers to each
  other. Teammates verify answers.

57
Cooperative Structures

• Similarity Groups
• Students form groups based on a commonality.

58
Cooperative Structures

• Spend-A-Buck
• Each student has four quarters to spend on two,
  three, or four items. The item with the most
  quarters is the team choice.

59
Cooperative Structures

• Spin-N-Think
• Students follow a thinking trail (Read Q, Answer
  Q, Paraphrase Praise, Discuss). At each
  point on the trail a student is randomly selected
  to perform after all students have had think
  time.
• Spin-N-Review Students review questions by
  following a trail (Read Q, Answer Q, Check
  Answer, Praise or Help).

60
Cooperative Structures

• Stir-the-Class
• Teams stand in circle around room, huddle to
  discuss a question from the teacher, stand
  shoulder to shoulder when they have their
  answers, rotate to next team when their number is
  called to share their answer, and join the new
  team for next question.

61
Cooperative Structures

• Talking Chips
• Students place their chip in the center each time
  they talk they cannot speak again until all
  chips are in the center and collected.
• Gambit Chips Like Talking Chips but chips
  contain gambits (things to say or do) For
  examples, Affirmation Chips contain praisers
  Paraphrase Chips contain gambits for
  paraphrasing.
• Response Mode Chips Like Talking Chips but
  chips contain response modes For examples,
  Summarizing, Giving an Idea, Praising an Idea.

62
Cooperative Structures

• Team Chants
• Teammates come up with words and phrases related
  to the content, then come up with a rhythmic
  chant often with snapping, stomping, tapping, and
  clapping.

63
Cooperative Structures

• Team Interview
• Students are interviewed, each in turn, by their
  teammates.

64
Cooperative Structures

• Teammates Consult
• For each of a series of questions, students place
  pens in cup, share and discuss their answers, and
  then pick up pens to write answer in own words.

65
Cooperative Structures

• Team-Pair-Solo
• Students solve problems first as a team, then as
  a pair, finally alone.

66
Cooperative Structures

• Team Stand-N-Share
• All teams stand. Teams share ideas and record
  ideas from other teams. Teams sit when all ideas
  are shared and continue to record until all teams
  sit.

67
Cooperative Structures

• Team Statements
• Students think, discuss in pairs, write an
  individual statement, Round Robin individual
  statements, and then work together to make a team
  statement they can all endorse more strongly than
  their individual statements.

68
Cooperative Structures

• Team Word-Web
• Students write the topic in the center, Round
  Table core concepts, then free-for-all supporting
  elements, and bridges. Students each use a
  different color pen or marker for individual
  accountability and to ensure equal participation.
• Team Mind Map Students draw and label the
  central image, brainstorm, draw, and label main
  ideas radiating out of the central image, and
  finally add details using colors, images,
  branches and key words.

69
Cooperative Structures

• Telephone
• One student leaves the room. The teacher teaches
  the remaining students. The absent student
  returns and is taught by teammates, and later
  takes a quiz.

70
Cooperative Structures

• Think-Pair-Share
• Students think about their response to a
  question, discuss answers in pairs, and then
  share their own or partners answer with the
  class.
• Think-Pair-Square Same except students share
  their answers with teammates rather than with the
  class.

71
Cooperative Structures

• Three-Pair-Share
• Students share on a topic three times, once with
  each of their teammates.

72
Cooperative Structures

• Three-Step Interview
• Students share with a partner, the partner shares
  with them, and then they Round Robin share their
  partners response with the other teammates.

73
Cooperative Structures

• Timed Pair Share
• Students share with a partner for a predetermined
  amount of time and then the partner shares with
  them for the same amount of time.

74
Cooperative Structures

• Who Am I?
• Students attempt to determine their secret
  identity (taped on their back) by circulating and
  asking yes/no questions of classmates. They
  are allowed three questions per classmate (or
  unlimited questions until they receive a no
  response). They then find a new classmate to
  question. When the student guesses his/her
  identify, he/she becomes a consultant to give
  clues to those who have not yet found their
  identity.

75
Cooperative Structures Effective Instruction

• Phase 1 Focus
• Agreement Circles Corners Find My Rule Four S
  Brainstorming Line Ups Mix-Pair-Discuss
  Q-Spinner Rally Robin Rally Table Round Robin
  Round Table Similarity Groups Talking Chips
  Team Interview Think-Pair Share/Square
  Three-Step Interview.

76
Cooperative Structures Effective Instruction

• Phase 2 Construction
• Circle the Sage Partners Round Robin Round
  Table Sages Share Team-Pair-Solo Team
  Stand-N-Share Telephone Draw What I say
  Fan-N-Pick Find Someone Who Find the Fib
  Flashcard Game Idea Spinner Inside/Outside
  Circle Jigsaw Problem Solving Line Ups Match
  Mine Mix-Freeze-Group Mix-N-Match Numbered
  Heads Together Pairs Check Pairs Compare Poems
  Songs for Two Voices Rally Robin Rally Table
  Reading Boards Rotating Review Round Robin
  Round Table Send-A-Problem Showdown
  Spin-N-Review Stir-The-Class Teammates Consult
  Team-Pair-Solo Team Word-WebTelephone.

77
Cooperative Structures Effective Instruction

• Phase 3 Assessment
• Blind Sequencing Match Mine Same-Different
  Agreement Circles Corners Fan-N-Pick Idea
  Spinner Inside/Outside Circle Lyrical Lessons
  Mix-Pair-DiscussParaphrase Passport Rotating
  Review Round Robin Round Table Similarity
  Groups Spin-N-Think Talking Chips Team
  Interview Team Statements Team Word-Web
  Think-Pair-Share/Square Three-Step Interview
  Timed Pair Share.