Blood Vessels

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Blood Vessels

• Closed circulatory system
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins
• 3 tunics
• Lumen

• Tunica interna
• Endothelium
• Connective tissue
• Tunica media
• Smooth muscle
• Elastin
• Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilation
• Tunica externa
• Collagen fibers
• Nerve fibers
• Lymphatic vessels
• Elastin fibers

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Arteries

• Away from the heart
• Thick, muscular walls
• Very elastic
• Arterioles
• Diameter varies in response to neural stimuli and
  local chemical influences.

• Capillaries
• Consist of a single tunica interna
• Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange
• Brain capillaries
• Blood-brain barrier
• Capillary beds
• Precapillary sphincter
• Shunting of blood
• Digestion

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Venous System

• Maintenance of Blood Pressure
• Neural control
• Shunting and vasoconstriction.
• Vasomotor center
• Baroreceptors
• Carotid and aorta
• Chemoreceptors
• Higher brain centers
• Hormones
• Catecholoamines
• Atrial natrietic peptide
• ADH
• Alcohol
• Histamineother vasodilators

• Toward the heart
• Venulesporousfree movement of fluids and white
  blood cells.
• Veins
• 3 tunicsbut thin
• Venous valves
• Varicose veins
• Incompetent valves
• hemorrhoids

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Hypertension

• 30 of people over 50
• Damages arteries
• Causes heart failure, vascular disease, renal
  failure, stroke, and blindness.
• Enlargement falled by hypertrophy of the
  myocardium

• Contributing factors
• Diet (sodium, saturated fat, cholesterol.)
• Obesity
• Age
• Race
• Heredity
• Stress
• Smokingnicotine is a vasoconstrictor.

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Atherosclerosis

• Damage to the tunica interna
• Viral
• Bacterial
• Hypertension
• Reinjury
• Inflammation
• LDLsbad cholesterol
• Foam cells
• Fatty streak stage

• Arteriosclerosis
• Hypertension
• Stroke
• Heart attack
• Coronary bypass
• Angioplasty
• tPAtissue plasminogen activator
• Clot buster
• HDLremoves cholesterol from vessel walls.

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Arteries

• Aortalargest artery
• Ascending
• Descending
• Right and left coronary arteries
• Common carotid arteriesbranch to form internal
  and external carotids
• Externalsupply tissues of the head except the
  brain and orbits.
• Internalsupply the orbits and most of the
  cerebrum.
• Vertebral arteriesbranch to the cervical spinal
  cord, neck, cerebellum, pons, and inner ear.

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Arteries to Know

• Know the arteries on the proceeding chart plus
• Arteries of the armbrachial, radial, ulnar
• Arteries of the legfemoral, popliteal, anterior
  tibial, posterior tibial
• Be able to identify these arteries on a diagram
  like that on page 631. Also know the locations
  served by these arteries.

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Veins

• Dural sinusesveins of the brain drain into these
  enlarged chambers and drain to the internal
  jugular veins.
• External jugular veinssuperficial head
  structures.
• Vertebral veinscervical vertebrae neck
  muscles.
• Brachiocephalicmammary glands and first 2 or 3
  intercostal spaces.

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Veins to Know

• Know the veins on the preceding chart plus
• The veins of the armscephalic, axillary,
  brachial, radial, ulnar.
• The veins of the legsexternal iliac, femoral,
  popliteal, anterior tibial, posterior tibial,
  great saphenous vein, hepatic portal vein.
• The great saphenous vein is a superficial vein.
  Connect with many of the deep veins of the legs
  and thighs.
• Be able to identify these veins on a diagram like
  that on page 638. Also know the locations served
  by these arteries.

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