Blood Collection and Handling of Blood Samples

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Blood Collection and Handling of Blood Samples
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Collecting your Sample

• Determine which ________________ are needed.
• Determine the __________________ you will need
  and the _______________ you will use.
• Preferred blood source is almost ALWAYS
  _______________ blood, not ______________ blood.
  ___________ vein is usually most appropriate
  vessel for collection.
• Use the _________________needle that the patient
  can comfortably accommodate.
• Choose the size syringe that best matches the
  ___________________________________ you will need.

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Needle and Syringe
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The Vacutainer

• Is composed of a ______________,
  _________________________and _________________tube
  s.
• Use the correct size tube to minimize
  _______________of the sample and to prevent
  ____________________ of the vein.
• Fill tube to correct volume based on strength of
  ______________________________ to ensure
  appropriate ratio of blood to anticoagulant.
• ADVANTAGE multiple samples can be collected
  directly into tubes without ______________________
  ____________ from patient.

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Vacutainer collection sets
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Sample Volume

• The amount of blood collected from an animal
  depends on the amount of _______________or
  _______________needed as well as the
  ________________________ of the animal.
• Enough blood should be taken to run the required
  tests _______ times. This should be enough to
  compensate for technician error, instrument error
  or the need for diluted samples.

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Serum or Plasma?

• Serum or plasma are the _____________ portion of
  whole blood.
• Fluid portion of blood is ____ water, ____
  dissolved constituents like proteins, vitamins,
  carbs, hormones, etc
• Plasma ______contain clotting factors. The
  clotting factors are known as __________.
• ________is plasma that has had the clotting
  factors removed.

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Whole Blood

• Is placed into a container with an
  _____________________added to prevent clotting.
• As soon as you obtain your sample, mix the blood
  with the anticoagulant by using a
  ____________________________ motion.
• Vigorously shaking your sample can cause
  ______________, otherwise known as cell
  destruction.

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_____________

• Defined Are chemicals that prevent or delay the
  clotting process.
• Choice of anticoagulant depends on
  _____________needed.
• Sample must be _______________before use.

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Anticoagulants contd

• Samples not tested within _________of collection
  should be refrigerated. (Bring sample back to
  room temperature and re-mix before analysis.
• ___________ blood should NEVER be frozen as the
  freezing/thawing process can _______ the blood
  cells.

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Whats in the tubes?
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Red Topped Tube

• Red Topped Tube Contains no ____________________
  .
• Routinely used for ________________________.
• Used for ________samples.

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Red-Topped Tubes
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Serum Separator/Tiger Topped Tube

• Tiger Topped (Striped) Tube/Serum Separator
• Contains no anti-coagulant. Has a yellowish
  plug of __________________________________that
  separates serum from plasma when spun. Used for
  ___________ samples.
• (Not used for therapeutic drug level
  monitoring.)

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Lavender/Purple Topped Tubes

• Lavender Topped Tube Contains the anticoagulant
  __________ or Ethlenediamine tetraacetic acid.
• Used for ____________________samples or
  __________samples.
• Used for complete blood counts because it does
  not ____________________________. HOWEVER, an
  excess of anticoagulant in a sample may cause
  cells to __________and invalidate cell counts
  done on automated analyzers.

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Lavender/Purple Topped Tubes
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Grey Topped Tube

• Contains the anticoagulant _______________________
  __.
• Best for ___________________ preservation.
• Interferes with many other tests performed on
  serum.

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Grey Topped Tubes
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Blue Topped Tube

• Contains the anticoagulant _______________________
  .
• Commonly used in ___________________.
• Na Citrate interferes with Na assays and many
  common serum tests.

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Blue Topped Tubes
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Green Topped Tube

• Contains the anticoagulant ________.
• Can be used for most tests that require
  ____________samples.
• Should never be used for differential blood film
  analysis because the anticoagulant interferes
  with the staining of the _______s.

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Green Topped Tubes
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Hematology

• Defined ____________________________

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Why is hematology important?

• Evaluation of _________________
• Screening for _______ animals as a
  _______________.
• ___________________ screening
• _______-___________ monitoring

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Hematopoiesis

• Refers to the production of ______________________
  ____ and __________________. All blood cells
  arise from the same ______________________________
  _________.

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Blood Composition

• Blood is composed of __________and __________
• Fluid portion is ____ water

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Packed Cell Volume

• The PCV is measuring the percent of CELLS in a
  patients blood.
• If the animal is dehydrated, the fluid portion of
  the blood will ____________.
• Example a PCV of 50 will give a sample that is
  50 cells and 50 fluid. This means that a 10mL
  sample will yield 5mL of fluid. A PCV of 70
  will yield 70 cells and only 30 fluid so a 10mL
  sample will only give 3mL of fluid.

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PCV (Packed Cell Volume)

• In a CBC, we determine the number of RBCs in
  several different ways. The quickest and easiest
  is called the __________________, also referred
  to as the packed cell volume (PCV)
• The PCV will tell you if the animal is ________or
  ________.

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Normal PCV Values

• Canine _______ Feline _______ Equine
  _______ Bovine _______

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• Whole blood is collected in an ______________
  (usually EDTA) and placed in a capillary tube.
• Microhematocrit tubes should be filled to the
  designated line, with one end plugged with clay
  sealant.

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• Blood sample should be spun in a microhematocrit
  centrifuge for ______ minutes
• Lay the tube in the centrifuge with the plugged
  end facing the ___________of the centrifuge.
  Make sure that a _______________is placed
  opposite or have another sample across from
  yours.
• Cells are ________than the plasma and are
  compacted at the end of the tube that has the
  clay plug.

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Plasma Evaluation

• Plasma color and transparency may be helpful in
  determining a diagnosis and should be recorded in
  your findings.
• Normal plasma is _____or a _____________color
• Cloudy Plasma ________
• Reddish tinge _________
• Yellow ________(indicates possible liver
  disease)

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Reading your PCV
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Concentration of total protein / total solids

• Plasma protein concentrations estimated with a
  _____________and is an important component of the
  CBC in all species.
• Plasma used to determine the TP/TS is collected
  by breaking the hematocrit tube just above the
  _________/_________interface.

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A perfect PCV specimen here at VTI
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• The plasma is allowed to flow onto the
  ______________________________________. (Blow
  gently through the open end of the hematocrit
  tube with the broken end of the tube over the
  prism of your refractometer.)
• Hold the refractometer up to the light and record
  your findings.
• Make sure to ____________your refractometer after
  each use!

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Blood Films

• The blood film is used to perform the
  ____________, estimate platelet numbers and
  evaluate the _________________________________feat
  ures of WBCs, RBCs and platelets.
• _________________ smears are prepared by placing
  a small drop of blood on a clean glass microscope
  slide

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Blood films
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Staining a slide

• Always stain using the ________to _______stain.
• Remember which side of your slide is up (clothes
  pins are marked top)
• Rinse off from _____________side of slide
• May _______________ to speed up process. (We will
  NOT be doing this!)

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Performing the Differential Cell Count

• This is where the different ______________________
  _______________ are tallied separately. This can
  be done by a blood counting machine, or by hand.
  
• To ________count the different cells, first you
  must make a ____________. Stain the slide once
  it is dry.
• Using a cell counter you will tally a total of
  _____cells (this will make it easy to turn the
  numbers into a )