Zoonosis – Bat

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?
????????????????????? ????????????????
???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????
?????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????
?????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?
?????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? 30 ??????
2551
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Zoonosis Bat ?????? ???????? ????????
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??????????????????????????????? 2,000 ????
????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? 5 ??????? ????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????
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• ???????????????????? (Insect-eating)
• ????????????????????? (Fruit-eating)
• ??????????????????? (Fish-eating)
• ?????????????????????????? ???????????
• (Nectar-or pollen-eating)
• ??????????????????? (Meat-eating)
• ??????????????????? (Blood-lapping)
• ????????????? Ommivorous ?????????????????????????
  ????????????

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BAT as vectors for pathogens

• ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????
  vectors ??????????????????????????????
  (zoonotic pathogens) ???? rabies, Henipavirus
  (ie. Nipah virus and Hendra virus), West Nile
  virus, SARS ???????????????????????????????
  ebola virus.
• ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ??????????????????????????? (???????????)
  ??????????????
• ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ?????????????????

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??????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? 2,000 species (20
  ?????????????????????????????)
• ????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????? 2
• ???????????????????? ???????????????????
• ?????? 20 ????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ???????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  

12
??????????????????

• ?????????????????? ??????????????????????? 108
  ???????
• ??????????????????????????? 1 ??????? ???
  ???????????????

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?????????????????????????????? 3 ?????????

• ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????
  ??????????????????? ??????????????? ???
• ????????????????? ?????? ???????????????
  ?????????????? ????????????? ???
• ?????????????????????????????????  ????????????
  ????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????
   

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Kittis Hog Nose Bat

• ???????????????
• (Kittis hog-nosed bat or Bumblebee Bat
  Craseonycteris thonglongyai)

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• ???????????????
• ?????????                Kittis Hog-nosed
  Bat
• ???????????????          Craseonycteris
  thonglongyai Hill, 1974

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? 2.9-3.3 ????????? ????????????????? 2
  ???? ????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????? (Critical
  endangered) ??????????????????????????????????????
  ?? (2539) ?????? IUCN (2003) ?????????????????????
  ??????  

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• ??????????????? ?????????????????????
  Crasonyeteris thonglongyai. Hill 1974
  ????????????????????????? ???????? ???????
  ?????????? ?.?. 2516 ?????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ??? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ????????? 1.5-2 ????
  ???????? 2.5-3 ?????????? ??????????
  ?????????????????????? 10 ??????????
  ?????????????? ????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ????????????

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• ????????????????????????????????? ????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ????? (Mr.John Edward Hill)
  ?????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ????????????????????????? ???????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? ?.?.2517
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????

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• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????
   ???????????????????? 100 ????
  ????????????????????????????? ?.?.?.??????????????
  ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????  ???????????????????
  ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????  ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  ?????????????????

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????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????? (Vampire bat)
• ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ?

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Jamaican Fruit Bat
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Racoons, Skunks, Foxes and Bats Are Major Rabies
Reserviors
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Bat Bites Account for About Half of USA Rabies
Cases
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????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
???? ??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????? ?????????? ???????
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• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ????????????????(?????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????)
• ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????? 3
  ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???
  ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????

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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ? ?????????????
• ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????
• ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????
  Oral Vaccine ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????

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?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????
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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????? ????????? ?.?.
  2494
• ?????? 2 ????????????? ?.?. 2497 ????????????????
  
• ?????? 3 ????????? 4 ?????????????? ????? ?.?.
  2499
• ?????? 5 ??????? ?.?. 2501
• ?????? 6 ????????.?. 2503
• ????????? 7 ??????? ?.?. 2513
• ?????? 5 ??? 7 ???????????????????????????????????
  ?

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?????????????? Eropean Bat Virus - EBV
30 ??????? ?.?. 2539 ?????????????? ?
????????????????????????????????????? ??????
????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????
????????????? ????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????
???? ?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ??????????????????????? ?????? Deubentons
bat
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????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? Lyssavirus ??????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????
????? European Bat Lyssavirus (EBL) 2a genotype
???? Rabies-Related virus ????????? ? ??? EBL 2a
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????? Rabies-related virus
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?????????????????????????
?.?. 2509 ??????????????????????????????????????
? ???????????????????????????? ???.
?????????????????????????? SEATO Laboratory
??????? ????????????? 202 ??? ????????????????????
????????????? 55 ??? ??????? 85 ???
?????????????? 25 ??? ?????????????? 37
??? ???????????????????????? 10 ??? (5)
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• ?.?. 2510 ????????????????????????????????????????
  ? 74 ??? ??????? 2 ???
• ?.?. 2511 ???????????????????????????????????????
  34 ??? ??????? 1 ???
• ?.?. 2512????????????????????????????
  ?.??????????? ??????? 70 ??? ????????????????????
  ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????? 3
  ??? (??????? Lyssavirus?)
• ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????

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?????????????????????????????????????? 26
????????? 2528 ???????????? ???????????????????
??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ??????????????????????
????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????
??? ?????????????????????????? 1 ???? ???????????
? ?????????????????????????????
39
?????????????????????????????????? 1 ????????
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
?? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????
????? ????????????????? ??????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
???????????????? ???????????????????????????????
????
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Henipahvirus 1.Hendra Virus (Equine
morbillivirus EMV)2. Nipahvirus (Hendra-like
virus)
41
History

• 1994
• First recognized outbreak
• Brisbane, Australia
• Respiratory and neurological
• disease in horses
• 21 horses sick14 died
• 2 humans sick1 died
• 1995 Second human fatality
• Assisted in equine post-mortem in 1994

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History

• 1999 Horse fatality in Cairns, Australia
• Serology negative
• Human contacts
  of human cases
• 2,000 horses
• More than 5,000 samples from 46
  animal species
• 546 cats
• Retrospective study of lab specimens

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History

• Serology positive
• 20/240 samples from 4 species of fruit bat
• Pteropus species
• Asymptomatically infected
• One of 3 new viruses carried by fruit bats
• Hendra, Nipah, Menangle

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Hendra Virus

• Family Paramyxoviridae
• Genus Henipavirus
• Closely related to Nipah virus
• Enveloped single-stranded RNA virus
• Family includes
• Mumps and measles
• Rinderpest virus
• Human parainfluenza virus
• Canine distemper virus

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????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ?????? 22 ??? 23 ??????? ?.?.
2537 ?????????????????? ??????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????????
??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
46
??????????? 7 ???????????????????????????????????
???????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????
???????????????? 2 ??? ???????????????????????????
????????????????? 6 ??. ????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? 2 ??? ?????????????????????
??????? ?????????? 26 ??????? ??????????? 13 ???
47
??????????????????????????????? ??? ?????
(?????? 41 ????????????) ?????????????????????????
????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????
48
14 ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????
??????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????
???? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????
??? ???? 2 ?? ????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
6 ??????????????????????? ???????????????? 45 ??
????????????????????? ???????????? ?
????????????????? (Legionellosis) ???????????????
??????????????????????????????????????? 6 ????????
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????????????????? Paramyxoviridae ????????????
?????????? Equine morbillivirus ????
EMV ???????????????????????? ???????? ? ???
??????? 38 ??.??? 600 ??. ????????????????????????
? ??????????? 10 ??. ????? 18 ??.
?????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ???????
?????????????????????
50
????????????????? 2 21 ?????? 2538
?????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????? ???????????? 2537
????????????????????????????????????? ??????????
2 ??? ???????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
??????????????????
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??????????????????? 2537 ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????
??????????????? ????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ????????????? EMV
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?????????????????????? ?????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????????? 224
???????? ?? Neutralizing antibody ??? EMV 20
???????? (9)
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Transmission Humans

• Likely mode of transmission
• Direct contact with fluids from infected horses
• Unlikely modes of transmission
• Respiratory
• Human-to-human
• Bat-to-human

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Transmission Humans

• Infected humans had extensive contact with sick
  horses
• No protective gear
• Not all exposed humans became sick
• Not all exposed horses became sick
• Research on-going

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Transmission Animals

• Mode of transmission from bats to horses unknown
• Virus excreted in urine and saliva
• Horse may contract
  by ingestion of contaminated feed
• Tick vector has been proposed

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Epidemiology

• Human cases
• Australia only
• Close contact with infected horses
• Horse index cases
• Female thoroughbreds
• Over 8 years old
• Infected while in a paddock

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Human Disease

• Incubation period 4-18 days
• May be up to a year
• Flu-like symptoms
• Fever
• Myalgia
• Headaches
• Vertigo
• Pneumonitis
• Rapid progression to respiratory failure
• Meningoencephalitis

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Diagnosis Humans

• ELISA
• Immunoperoxidase
• Formulin fixed tissues
• Virus isolation
• Virus neutralization
• Detect antibodies
• PCR

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Treatment and Prognosis

• Intensive supportive care
• Ribavirin
• May decrease duration and severity of disease
• Clinical usefulness uncertain
• Prognosis uncertain due to lack of cases

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Horses and Hendra Virus

• Incubation 6-18 days
• Can be asymptomatic during incubation but shed
  virus
• Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia
• Initial nasal discharge
• Clear to serosanguinous
• Sudden death 1-3 days after onset

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Horses and Hendra Virus

• Injected mucous membranes,
  cyanotic border
• Dependant edema
• Head pressing
• Ataxia
• Frothy nasal discharge

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Species Affected

• ??????????????
• Horses and humans
• ???????????????????
• Cats and guinea pigs
• ?????????????????????????????
• Dogs, chickens, rats, mice

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Prevention and Control

• Difficult of assess risk
• Sick horses in endemic areas
• Areas inhabited by fruit bats
• In suspect cases
• Do NOT handle infected tissues, blood or urine

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Prevention and Control

• Sensitive to heat and chemical disinfection
• Directly contaminated objects
• Autoclave or boil
• 1 sodium hypochlorite solution
• NaDCC granules

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Use as Biological Weapon

• Relatively little is known about disease
  transmission
• Serious consequences if outbreak occurs
• Suspected high mortality rate and lack of
  treatment

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Lyssavirus ?????????????????????
????????????? 1 ??????? ?.?. 2539
?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????
??? (P. alecto) ?????????? 5 ?????
???????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????
?? ?????????????????????????????????????????? EMV
?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????? Severe non-suppurative encephalitis
?????????????????????????????? Lyssavirus
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????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? 2538 ??????????????
????????????????????????????? ???????
??????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ???????????
????????????????? Encephalitis ???? ? ??
?????????????? ?????? Lyssavirus
??????????????????????? Lyssavirus ??????? PCR
???? ????????????????????? Pteropid Lyssavirus
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????????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 2539
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
???????? (P.scapulatus) ?????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????? ?
?????????????????????? non-suppurative
meningoencephalitis ??????????????????????
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)
???????????? Lyssavirus ??????????????????????????
? Lyssavirus ?????????????????????????
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Nipah Virus
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???? Paramyxoviridae

• ????? Henipah virus
• ??????? Nipahvirus
• ??????????????????? ???????? (2541), ?????????
  
• ??????? (2546/7)
• ??????????? ?????????????????? (Acute
  encephalitis)

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??????????????????? NIPAH VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS

• ??? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  (???????????????? - myoclonus), ??????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? ?????????????
  ???????????????? ??????????????
  ???????????????????????
• ???????????????? mild interstitial shadow or
  atypical pneumonia,
• ?????????? MRI Focal areas of increased signal
  intensity in cortex white matter

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• 1 ??? (0.4) ??????????????????
• 12 ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ????????????????????????? ????????????
  29 ??????? 2541 ???????????? 41 ??
  ?????????????????????

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??????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????

• ??????????? 265 ??? ??????????? ???? ???
  ?????????????????????
• 1) ????? 93 ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????
• 41.9 ???????????????
• 38.5 ???????????????????
• 5.7 ?????????????????????
• 3.4 ?????????????????????????????????
• 7 ??????????????????????????????
• 1.9 ??????????????????????? ??????????

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Possible Transmission of NIPAH VIRUS
Wild Boars
fruit bats
rats
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• Bat Nipah Virus, Thailand
• Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Boonlert
  Lumlertdacha,