Title: Zoonosis – Bat
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2551
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6 7Zoonosis Bat ?????? ???????? ????????
8 ??????????????????????????????? 2,000 ????
????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? 5 ??????? ????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????
9- ???????????????????? (Insect-eating)
- ????????????????????? (Fruit-eating)
- ??????????????????? (Fish-eating)
- ?????????????????????????? ???????????
- (Nectar-or pollen-eating)
- ??????????????????? (Meat-eating)
- ??????????????????? (Blood-lapping)
- ????????????? Ommivorous ?????????????????????????
????????????
10BAT as vectors for pathogens
- ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????
vectors ??????????????????????????????
(zoonotic pathogens) ???? rabies, Henipavirus
(ie. Nipah virus and Hendra virus), West Nile
virus, SARS ???????????????????????????????
ebola virus. - ?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????? ??????????????????????????? (???????????)
?????????????? - ????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ?????????????????
11??????????
- ???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? 2,000 species (20
?????????????????????????????) - ????????????????????????????????
- ?????????????????????????????????????????? 2
- ???????????????????? ???????????????????
- ?????? 20 ????????? ??????????????????????????????
??????? - ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
12??????????????????
- ?????????????????? ??????????????????????? 108
??????? - ??????????????????????????? 1 ??????? ???
???????????????
13?????????????????????????????? 3 ?????????
- ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????
??????????????????? ??????????????? ??? - ????????????????? ?????? ???????????????
?????????????? ????????????? ??? - ????????????????????????????????? ????????????
????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????
14Kittis Hog Nose Bat
- ???????????????
- (Kittis hog-nosed bat or Bumblebee Bat
Craseonycteris thonglongyai)
15- ???????????????
- ????????? Kittis Hog-nosed
Bat - ??????????????? Craseonycteris
thonglongyai Hill, 1974
16- ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????? 2.9-3.3 ????????? ????????????????? 2
???? ????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? (Critical
endangered) ??????????????????????????????????????
?? (2539) ?????? IUCN (2003) ?????????????????????
??????
17- ??????????????? ?????????????????????
Crasonyeteris thonglongyai. Hill 1974
????????????????????????? ???????? ???????
?????????? ?.?. 2516 ?????????????????????????????
?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
??? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ????????? 1.5-2 ????
???????? 2.5-3 ?????????? ??????????
?????????????????????? 10 ??????????
?????????????? ????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
????????????
18- ????????????????????????????????? ????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ????? (Mr.John Edward Hill)
?????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? ????????????????????????? ???????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ?.?.2517
??????????????????????????????????????????????
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22- ????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????? 100 ????
????????????????????????????? ?.?.?.??????????????
????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
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23(No Transcript)
24????????????????????????
- ??????????????????????????????????? (Vampire bat)
- ??????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ?
25Jamaican Fruit Bat
26Racoons, Skunks, Foxes and Bats Are Major Rabies
Reserviors
27Bat Bites Account for About Half of USA Rabies
Cases
28 ????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
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???????????? ?????????? ???????
29- ????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
????????????????(?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????) - ????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????? 3
????? ????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ???????????????????????????????????? - ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???
???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????? - ??????????????????????????????????????
30- ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? - ??????????????
- ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????
??????????????????? ? ????????????? - ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? - ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????
Oral Vaccine ???????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
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32?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
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??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????
33- ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? ????????? ?.?.
2494 - ?????? 2 ????????????? ?.?. 2497 ????????????????
- ?????? 3 ????????? 4 ?????????????? ????? ?.?.
2499 - ?????? 5 ??????? ?.?. 2501
- ?????? 6 ????????.?. 2503
- ????????? 7 ??????? ?.?. 2513
- ?????? 5 ??? 7 ???????????????????????????????????
?
34?????????????? Eropean Bat Virus - EBV
30 ??????? ?.?. 2539 ?????????????? ?
????????????????????????????????????? ??????
????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????
????????????? ????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????
???? ?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ??????????????????????? ?????? Deubentons
bat
35 ????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? Lyssavirus ??????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????
????? European Bat Lyssavirus (EBL) 2a genotype
???? Rabies-Related virus ????????? ? ??? EBL 2a
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????? Rabies-related virus
36?????????????????????????
?.?. 2509 ??????????????????????????????????????
? ???????????????????????????? ???.
?????????????????????????? SEATO Laboratory
??????? ????????????? 202 ??? ????????????????????
????????????? 55 ??? ??????? 85 ???
?????????????? 25 ??? ?????????????? 37
??? ???????????????????????? 10 ??? (5)
37- ?.?. 2510 ????????????????????????????????????????
? 74 ??? ??????? 2 ??? - ?.?. 2511 ???????????????????????????????????????
34 ??? ??????? 1 ??? - ?.?. 2512????????????????????????????
?.??????????? ??????? 70 ??? ????????????????????
?????? ??????????????????????????????????????? 3
??? (??????? Lyssavirus?) - ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????
38?????????????????????????????????????? 26
????????? 2528 ???????????? ???????????????????
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??? ?????????????????????????? 1 ???? ???????????
? ?????????????????????????????
39 ?????????????????????????????????? 1 ????????
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?? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????
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40Henipahvirus 1.Hendra Virus (Equine
morbillivirus EMV)2. Nipahvirus (Hendra-like
virus)
41History
- 1994
- First recognized outbreak
- Brisbane, Australia
- Respiratory and neurological
- disease in horses
- 21 horses sick14 died
- 2 humans sick1 died
- 1995 Second human fatality
- Assisted in equine post-mortem in 1994
42History
- 1999 Horse fatality in Cairns, Australia
- Serology negative
- Human contacts
of human cases - 2,000 horses
- More than 5,000 samples from 46
animal species - 546 cats
- Retrospective study of lab specimens
43History
- Serology positive
- 20/240 samples from 4 species of fruit bat
- Pteropus species
- Asymptomatically infected
- One of 3 new viruses carried by fruit bats
- Hendra, Nipah, Menangle
44Hendra Virus
- Family Paramyxoviridae
- Genus Henipavirus
- Closely related to Nipah virus
- Enveloped single-stranded RNA virus
- Family includes
- Mumps and measles
- Rinderpest virus
- Human parainfluenza virus
- Canine distemper virus
45????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ?????? 22 ??? 23 ??????? ?.?.
2537 ?????????????????? ??????????
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46 ??????????? 7 ???????????????????????????????????
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???????????????? 2 ??? ???????????????????????????
????????????????? 6 ??. ????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? 2 ??? ?????????????????????
??????? ?????????? 26 ??????? ??????????? 13 ???
47 ??????????????????????????????? ??? ?????
(?????? 41 ????????????) ?????????????????????????
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48 14 ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????
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???? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????
??? ???? 2 ?? ????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
6 ??????????????????????? ???????????????? 45 ??
????????????????????? ???????????? ?
????????????????? (Legionellosis) ???????????????
??????????????????????????????????????? 6 ????????
49????????????????? Paramyxoviridae ????????????
?????????? Equine morbillivirus ????
EMV ???????????????????????? ???????? ? ???
??????? 38 ??.??? 600 ??. ????????????????????????
? ??????????? 10 ??. ????? 18 ??.
?????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ???????
?????????????????????
50????????????????? 2 21 ?????? 2538
?????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????? ???????????? 2537
????????????????????????????????????? ??????????
2 ??? ???????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
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51 ??????????????????? 2537 ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????
??????????????? ????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ????????????? EMV
52 ?????????????????????? ?????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????????? 224
???????? ?? Neutralizing antibody ??? EMV 20
???????? (9)
53Transmission Humans
- Likely mode of transmission
- Direct contact with fluids from infected horses
- Unlikely modes of transmission
- Respiratory
- Human-to-human
- Bat-to-human
54Transmission Humans
- Infected humans had extensive contact with sick
horses - No protective gear
- Not all exposed humans became sick
- Not all exposed horses became sick
- Research on-going
55Transmission Animals
- Mode of transmission from bats to horses unknown
- Virus excreted in urine and saliva
- Horse may contract
by ingestion of contaminated feed - Tick vector has been proposed
56Epidemiology
- Human cases
- Australia only
- Close contact with infected horses
- Horse index cases
- Female thoroughbreds
- Over 8 years old
- Infected while in a paddock
57Human Disease
- Incubation period 4-18 days
- May be up to a year
- Flu-like symptoms
- Fever
- Myalgia
- Headaches
- Vertigo
- Pneumonitis
- Rapid progression to respiratory failure
- Meningoencephalitis
58Diagnosis Humans
- ELISA
- Immunoperoxidase
- Formulin fixed tissues
- Virus isolation
- Virus neutralization
- Detect antibodies
- PCR
59Treatment and Prognosis
- Intensive supportive care
- Ribavirin
- May decrease duration and severity of disease
- Clinical usefulness uncertain
- Prognosis uncertain due to lack of cases
60Horses and Hendra Virus
- Incubation 6-18 days
- Can be asymptomatic during incubation but shed
virus - Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia
- Initial nasal discharge
- Clear to serosanguinous
- Sudden death 1-3 days after onset
61Horses and Hendra Virus
- Injected mucous membranes,
cyanotic border - Dependant edema
- Head pressing
- Ataxia
- Frothy nasal discharge
62Species Affected
- ??????????????
- Horses and humans
- ???????????????????
- Cats and guinea pigs
- ?????????????????????????????
- Dogs, chickens, rats, mice
63Prevention and Control
- Difficult of assess risk
- Sick horses in endemic areas
- Areas inhabited by fruit bats
- In suspect cases
- Do NOT handle infected tissues, blood or urine
64(No Transcript)
65Prevention and Control
- Sensitive to heat and chemical disinfection
- Directly contaminated objects
- Autoclave or boil
- 1 sodium hypochlorite solution
- NaDCC granules
66Use as Biological Weapon
- Relatively little is known about disease
transmission - Serious consequences if outbreak occurs
- Suspected high mortality rate and lack of
treatment
67Lyssavirus ?????????????????????
????????????? 1 ??????? ?.?. 2539
?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????
??? (P. alecto) ?????????? 5 ?????
???????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????
?? ?????????????????????????????????????????? EMV
?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????? Severe non-suppurative encephalitis
?????????????????????????????? Lyssavirus
68????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? 2538 ??????????????
????????????????????????????? ???????
??????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ???????????
????????????????? Encephalitis ???? ? ??
?????????????? ?????? Lyssavirus
??????????????????????? Lyssavirus ??????? PCR
???? ????????????????????? Pteropid Lyssavirus
69????????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 2539
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
???????? (P.scapulatus) ?????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????? ?
?????????????????????? non-suppurative
meningoencephalitis ??????????????????????
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)
???????????? Lyssavirus ??????????????????????????
? Lyssavirus ?????????????????????????
70Nipah Virus
71???? Paramyxoviridae
- ????? Henipah virus
- ??????? Nipahvirus
- ??????????????????? ???????? (2541), ?????????
- ??????? (2546/7)
- ??????????? ?????????????????? (Acute
encephalitis)
72??????????????????? NIPAH VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
- ??? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
(???????????????? - myoclonus), ??????????
???????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? - ????????????????????? ?????????????
???????????????? ??????????????
??????????????????????? - ???????????????? mild interstitial shadow or
atypical pneumonia, - ?????????? MRI Focal areas of increased signal
intensity in cortex white matter
73- 1 ??? (0.4) ??????????????????
- 12 ???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? - ????????????????????????? ????????????
29 ??????? 2541 ???????????? 41 ??
?????????????????????
74??????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????
- ??????????? 265 ??? ??????????? ???? ???
????????????????????? - 1) ????? 93 ???????????????????????????????
???????????????? - 41.9 ???????????????
- 38.5 ???????????????????
- 5.7 ?????????????????????
- 3.4 ?????????????????????????????????
- 7 ??????????????????????????????
- 1.9 ??????????????????????? ??????????
-
75(No Transcript)
76Possible Transmission of NIPAH VIRUS
Wild Boars
fruit bats
rats
77(No Transcript)
78- Bat Nipah Virus, Thailand
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Boonlert
Lumlertdacha,