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Zoonosis – Bat

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Title: Zoonosis – Bat


1
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?
????????????????????? ????????????????
???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????
?????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????
?????????????????????????????????? ?????? ?
?????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? 30 ??????
2551
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7
Zoonosis Bat ?????? ???????? ????????
8
??????????????????????????????? 2,000 ????
????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? 5 ??????? ????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????
9
  • ???????????????????? (Insect-eating)
  • ????????????????????? (Fruit-eating)
  • ??????????????????? (Fish-eating)
  • ?????????????????????????? ???????????
  • (Nectar-or pollen-eating)
  • ??????????????????? (Meat-eating)
  • ??????????????????? (Blood-lapping)
  • ????????????? Ommivorous ?????????????????????????
    ????????????

10
BAT as vectors for pathogens
  • ????????????????????????????????? ???????????????
    vectors ??????????????????????????????
    (zoonotic pathogens) ???? rabies, Henipavirus
    (ie. Nipah virus and Hendra virus), West Nile
    virus, SARS ???????????????????????????????
    ebola virus.
  • ?????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????? ??????????????????????????? (???????????)
    ??????????????
  • ????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????? ?????????????????

11
??????????
  • ???????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????? 2,000 species (20
    ?????????????????????????????)
  • ????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????? 2
  • ???????????????????? ???????????????????
  • ?????? 20 ????????? ??????????????????????????????
    ???????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

12
??????????????????
  • ?????????????????? ??????????????????????? 108
    ???????
  • ??????????????????????????? 1 ??????? ???
    ???????????????

13
?????????????????????????????? 3 ?????????
  • ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????
    ??????????????????? ??????????????? ???
  • ????????????????? ?????? ???????????????
    ?????????????? ????????????? ???
  • ?????????????????????????????????  ????????????
    ????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????
     

14
Kittis Hog Nose Bat
  • ???????????????
  • (Kittis hog-nosed bat or Bumblebee Bat
    Craseonycteris thonglongyai)

15
  • ???????????????
  • ?????????                Kittis Hog-nosed
    Bat
  • ???????????????          Craseonycteris
    thonglongyai Hill, 1974

16
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????? 2.9-3.3 ????????? ????????????????? 2
    ???? ????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????? (Critical
    endangered) ??????????????????????????????????????
    ?? (2539) ?????? IUCN (2003) ?????????????????????
    ??????  

17
  • ??????????????? ?????????????????????
    Crasonyeteris thonglongyai. Hill 1974
    ????????????????????????? ???????? ???????
    ?????????? ?.?. 2516 ?????????????????????????????
    ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
    ??? ????????????????? ????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????????? ????????? 1.5-2 ????
    ???????? 2.5-3 ?????????? ??????????
    ?????????????????????? 10 ??????????
    ?????????????? ????????????????
    ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
    ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
    ????????????

18
  • ????????????????????????????????? ????????
    ????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????? ????? (Mr.John Edward Hill)
    ?????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????? ????????????????????????? ???????????
    ?????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????? ????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????? ?.?.2517
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????

19
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20
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21
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22
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????
     ???????????????????? 100 ????
    ????????????????????????????? ?.?.?.??????????????
    ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????  ???????????????????
    ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????  ??????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
    ?????????????????

23
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24
????????????????????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????? (Vampire bat)
  • ??????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????? ?

25
Jamaican Fruit Bat
26
Racoons, Skunks, Foxes and Bats Are Major Rabies
Reserviors
27
Bat Bites Account for About Half of USA Rabies
Cases
28
????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
???? ??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????? ?????????? ???????
29
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
    ????????????????(?????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????????????????????)
  • ????????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????
    ?????????????????????????????????????????? 3
    ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???? ????????????????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???
    ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????

30
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???
  • ??????????????
  • ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????
    ??????????????????? ? ?????????????
  • ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????
  • ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????
    Oral Vaccine ???????????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????????????????

31
(No Transcript)
32
?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????
33
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????????? ????????? ?.?.
    2494
  • ?????? 2 ????????????? ?.?. 2497 ????????????????
  • ?????? 3 ????????? 4 ?????????????? ????? ?.?.
    2499
  • ?????? 5 ??????? ?.?. 2501
  • ?????? 6 ????????.?. 2503
  • ????????? 7 ??????? ?.?. 2513
  • ?????? 5 ??? 7 ???????????????????????????????????
    ?

34
?????????????? Eropean Bat Virus - EBV
30 ??????? ?.?. 2539 ?????????????? ?
????????????????????????????????????? ??????
????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????
????????????? ????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????
???? ?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ??????????????????????? ?????? Deubentons
bat
35
????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? Lyssavirus ??????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????
????? European Bat Lyssavirus (EBL) 2a genotype
???? Rabies-Related virus ????????? ? ??? EBL 2a
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????? Rabies-related virus
36
?????????????????????????
?.?. 2509 ??????????????????????????????????????
? ???????????????????????????? ???.
?????????????????????????? SEATO Laboratory
??????? ????????????? 202 ??? ????????????????????
????????????? 55 ??? ??????? 85 ???
?????????????? 25 ??? ?????????????? 37
??? ???????????????????????? 10 ??? (5)
37
  • ?.?. 2510 ????????????????????????????????????????
    ? 74 ??? ??????? 2 ???
  • ?.?. 2511 ???????????????????????????????????????
    34 ??? ??????? 1 ???
  • ?.?. 2512????????????????????????????
    ?.??????????? ??????? 70 ??? ????????????????????
    ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????? 3
    ??? (??????? Lyssavirus?)
  • ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????

38
?????????????????????????????????????? 26
????????? 2528 ???????????? ???????????????????
??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? ??????????????????????
????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????
??? ?????????????????????????? 1 ???? ???????????
? ?????????????????????????????
39
?????????????????????????????????? 1 ????????
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
?? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????
????? ????????????????? ??????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
???????????????? ???????????????????????????????
????
40
Henipahvirus 1.Hendra Virus (Equine
morbillivirus EMV)2. Nipahvirus (Hendra-like
virus)
41
History
  • 1994
  • First recognized outbreak
  • Brisbane, Australia
  • Respiratory and neurological
  • disease in horses
  • 21 horses sick14 died
  • 2 humans sick1 died
  • 1995 Second human fatality
  • Assisted in equine post-mortem in 1994

42
History
  • 1999 Horse fatality in Cairns, Australia
  • Serology negative
  • Human contacts
    of human cases
  • 2,000 horses
  • More than 5,000 samples from 46
    animal species
  • 546 cats
  • Retrospective study of lab specimens

43
History
  • Serology positive
  • 20/240 samples from 4 species of fruit bat
  • Pteropus species
  • Asymptomatically infected
  • One of 3 new viruses carried by fruit bats
  • Hendra, Nipah, Menangle

44
Hendra Virus
  • Family Paramyxoviridae
  • Genus Henipavirus
  • Closely related to Nipah virus
  • Enveloped single-stranded RNA virus
  • Family includes
  • Mumps and measles
  • Rinderpest virus
  • Human parainfluenza virus
  • Canine distemper virus

45
????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ?????? 22 ??? 23 ??????? ?.?.
2537 ?????????????????? ??????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????????
??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
46
??????????? 7 ???????????????????????????????????
???????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????
???????????????? 2 ??? ???????????????????????????
????????????????? 6 ??. ????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? 2 ??? ?????????????????????
??????? ?????????? 26 ??????? ??????????? 13 ???
47
??????????????????????????????? ??? ?????
(?????? 41 ????????????) ?????????????????????????
????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????
48
14 ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????
??????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????
???? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????
??? ???? 2 ?? ????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
6 ??????????????????????? ???????????????? 45 ??
????????????????????? ???????????? ?
????????????????? (Legionellosis) ???????????????
??????????????????????????????????????? 6 ????????
49
????????????????? Paramyxoviridae ????????????
?????????? Equine morbillivirus ????
EMV ???????????????????????? ???????? ? ???
??????? 38 ??.??? 600 ??. ????????????????????????
? ??????????? 10 ??. ????? 18 ??.
?????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ???????
?????????????????????
50
????????????????? 2 21 ?????? 2538
?????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????? ???????????? 2537
????????????????????????????????????? ??????????
2 ??? ???????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
??????????????????
51
??????????????????? 2537 ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????
??????????????? ????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
? ????????????? EMV
52
?????????????????????? ?????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????????? 224
???????? ?? Neutralizing antibody ??? EMV 20
???????? (9)
53
Transmission Humans
  • Likely mode of transmission
  • Direct contact with fluids from infected horses
  • Unlikely modes of transmission
  • Respiratory
  • Human-to-human
  • Bat-to-human

54
Transmission Humans
  • Infected humans had extensive contact with sick
    horses
  • No protective gear
  • Not all exposed humans became sick
  • Not all exposed horses became sick
  • Research on-going

55
Transmission Animals
  • Mode of transmission from bats to horses unknown
  • Virus excreted in urine and saliva
  • Horse may contract
    by ingestion of contaminated feed
  • Tick vector has been proposed

56
Epidemiology
  • Human cases
  • Australia only
  • Close contact with infected horses
  • Horse index cases
  • Female thoroughbreds
  • Over 8 years old
  • Infected while in a paddock

57
Human Disease
  • Incubation period 4-18 days
  • May be up to a year
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Fever
  • Myalgia
  • Headaches
  • Vertigo
  • Pneumonitis
  • Rapid progression to respiratory failure
  • Meningoencephalitis

58
Diagnosis Humans
  • ELISA
  • Immunoperoxidase
  • Formulin fixed tissues
  • Virus isolation
  • Virus neutralization
  • Detect antibodies
  • PCR

59
Treatment and Prognosis
  • Intensive supportive care
  • Ribavirin
  • May decrease duration and severity of disease
  • Clinical usefulness uncertain
  • Prognosis uncertain due to lack of cases

60
Horses and Hendra Virus
  • Incubation 6-18 days
  • Can be asymptomatic during incubation but shed
    virus
  • Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia
  • Initial nasal discharge
  • Clear to serosanguinous
  • Sudden death 1-3 days after onset

61
Horses and Hendra Virus
  • Injected mucous membranes,
    cyanotic border
  • Dependant edema
  • Head pressing
  • Ataxia
  • Frothy nasal discharge

62
Species Affected
  • ??????????????
  • Horses and humans
  • ???????????????????
  • Cats and guinea pigs
  • ?????????????????????????????
  • Dogs, chickens, rats, mice

63
Prevention and Control
  • Difficult of assess risk
  • Sick horses in endemic areas
  • Areas inhabited by fruit bats
  • In suspect cases
  • Do NOT handle infected tissues, blood or urine

64
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65
Prevention and Control
  • Sensitive to heat and chemical disinfection
  • Directly contaminated objects
  • Autoclave or boil
  • 1 sodium hypochlorite solution
  • NaDCC granules

66
Use as Biological Weapon
  • Relatively little is known about disease
    transmission
  • Serious consequences if outbreak occurs
  • Suspected high mortality rate and lack of
    treatment

67
Lyssavirus ?????????????????????
????????????? 1 ??????? ?.?. 2539
?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????
??? (P. alecto) ?????????? 5 ?????
???????????????????? ????????? ???????????????????
?? ?????????????????????????????????????????? EMV
?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????? Severe non-suppurative encephalitis
?????????????????????????????? Lyssavirus
68
????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? 2538 ??????????????
????????????????????????????? ???????
??????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ???????????
????????????????? Encephalitis ???? ? ??
?????????????? ?????? Lyssavirus
??????????????????????? Lyssavirus ??????? PCR
???? ????????????????????? Pteropid Lyssavirus
69
????????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 2539
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
???????? (P.scapulatus) ?????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????? ?
?????????????????????? non-suppurative
meningoencephalitis ??????????????????????
Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)
???????????? Lyssavirus ??????????????????????????
? Lyssavirus ?????????????????????????
70
Nipah Virus
71
???? Paramyxoviridae
  • ????? Henipah virus
  • ??????? Nipahvirus
  • ??????????????????? ???????? (2541), ?????????
  • ??????? (2546/7)
  • ??????????? ?????????????????? (Acute
    encephalitis)

72
??????????????????? NIPAH VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
  • ??? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????
    (???????????????? - myoclonus), ??????????
    ???????????????????????????????
    ?????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????? ?????????????
    ???????????????? ??????????????
    ???????????????????????
  • ???????????????? mild interstitial shadow or
    atypical pneumonia,
  • ?????????? MRI Focal areas of increased signal
    intensity in cortex white matter

73
  • 1 ??? (0.4) ??????????????????
  • 12 ???????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????
  • ????????????????????????? ????????????
    29 ??????? 2541 ???????????? 41 ??
    ?????????????????????

74
??????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????
  • ??????????? 265 ??? ??????????? ???? ???
    ?????????????????????
  • 1) ????? 93 ???????????????????????????????
    ????????????????
  • 41.9 ???????????????
  • 38.5 ???????????????????
  • 5.7 ?????????????????????
  • 3.4 ?????????????????????????????????
  • 7 ??????????????????????????????
  • 1.9 ??????????????????????? ??????????

75
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76
Possible Transmission of NIPAH VIRUS
Wild Boars
fruit bats
rats
77
(No Transcript)
78
  • Bat Nipah Virus, Thailand
  • Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Boonlert
    Lumlertdacha,
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