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Cockroaches

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Once the disease has progressed to later stages, medication may be less effective. ... Insecticidal Smoke Bombs. Make the houses unattractive resting sites for bugs. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cockroaches


1
Cockroaches
  • And Disease

2
Basics
  • Order Blattaria
  • 4000 species worldwide
  • 57 species in the U.S.
  • 18 species have become serious domestic pests
  • The most important medically are
  • Blattella germanica (German cockroach)
  • Blatta orientalis (Oriental cockroach)
  • Periplanta americana (American cockroach)
  • Supella longipalpa (Brown-banded cockroach)

3
Biology
  • Like warmth (climate plays a role)
  • Cold Climates
  • Warm Climates
  • Nocturnal
  • Omnivorous
  • Live for 5-10 weeks without water
  • Live many months without food
  • Not a limiting factor
  • Nymphs often die 7-10 days

4
Life Cycle
  • Hemimetabolous
  • Eggs are laid encased in a capsule called an
    ootheca
  • Typically 18-40
  • Deposited or cemented to surfaces
  • 4-90 ootheca
  • Nymphs
  • Hatch after 1-3 months
  • Wingless
  • Number of nymphal stages and length varies with
    species.
  • Adults
  • 2 year lifespan or more

5
Medical Importance
  • (1) Get into our food supplies
  • (2) Odor (Some stink!)
  • (3) They feed on humans
  • (4) Allergies
  • (5)Transmit pathogens?
  • We tend to call cockroaches insects of sanitary
    importance.
  • Synanthropic species

6
American CockroachPeriplaneta americana
  • Originally from Africa.
  • Like damp environments.
  • Sewers, around pipes, ships.
  • Basement or first floor in buildings.
  • Nymphal stage 10-14 months long.

7
German CockroachBlattella germanica
  • Most common species in WY.
  • Originally from Africa.
  • Smaller than American.
  • Basement and first floors in buildings.
  • Carries egg capsule.
  • Nymphal stage 2-3 months long.

8
Oriental CockroachBlatta orientalis
  • Shiny black, common in WY.
  • Found in sewers, likes basement.
  • More tolerant of cooler temps.
  • Males have short wings, females are long.
  • Nymphal stage 12-15 months long.

9
Brown-Banded CockroachSupella longipalpa
  • Originally from Cuba.
  • 2 broad bands across dorsum.
  • All rooms in house.
  • Likes high places versus low.
  • Big problem in the Southern U.S.
  • Glue eggs to things.
  • Often ships in with Furniture.

10
Control
  • Be clean!
  • Insecticidal spraying
  • E.g. malathion, carbamates
  • Pyrethroids
  • E.g. permethrin
  • Boric Acid Powder (borax)
  • Contact insecticide and stomach poison.
  • Organophosphates and Carbamate Insecticides
  • 1-2 added to baits of food
  • Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
  • E.g fenoxycarb, hydrophen, methoprene.
  • Pheromones and sticky traps

11
TRUE BUGS
  • Bed bugs and Triatomine bugs

12
Basics
  • Order Hemiptera
  • 80,000 known species most in tropics.
  • Worldwide distribution
  • The most sucessful of the Hemimetabolic insects.
  • Divided into two groups the Heteroptera and the
    Homoptera.

13
Family Cimicidae(Bed bugs, poultry bugs, bat
bugs)
  • 20 different genera
  • Name given for host they feed on.
  • Nocturnal.
  • Host specific, but will cross over it no natural
    host is available.
  • Three main species
  • Oeciacus spp. (swallow bugs)
  • Cimex hemipterus (Tropical Bed Bug)
  • Cimex lectularius (Bed Bug)

14
Life Cycle
  • Egg ? Nymph (5 instars) ? Adult
  • Both sexes take blood meals.
  • Can live up to one year without meal.
  • Visit host only for bloodmeal then leave.
  • Females lay 2-3 eggs a day (150-200 in lifetime).
  • Adults can live up to 4 years.

15
Medical Importance
  • Hep. B Virus and other pathogens.
  • No evidence can transmit to humans.
  • Not considered vectors!
  • Reaction to bites can be severe.
  • Annoyance may cause sleepless nights.
  • Anemia in infants.

16
Diagnosis
  • Can detect by presence of live bugs, nymphal
    skins, hatched and unhatched eggs.
  • Small dark brown or black marks may be visible on
    bed sheets or mattress.
  • No wings, do not spread far.
  • Usually, introduced with furniture and bedding.

17
Control
  • Insect repellents
  • Pyrethroid-impregnated bed-nets.
  • Spray floors, walls, furniture with 5 DDT
    emulsion (Tropical countries)
  • Malathion, diazinon, carbaryl, pyrethrins.
  • Mattresses and wooden slates across beds can be
    sprayed or dusted with insecticides.
  • Fumigate.

18
Family Reduviidae(Assassin bugs, Kissing bugs)
  • Sub-family Triatominae
  • More than 130 species in 16 genera.
  • Evolved into a blood feeder that feeds on a wide
    variety of hosts.
  • Why called kissing bug?

19
Chagus Disease
  • Host Variety of vertebrates.
  • Vector Triatoma spp.
  • Triatoma infestans
  • Triatoma dimidiata
  • Triatoma brasiliensis
  • Rhodnius prolixus
  • Panstrongylus megistus
  • Etiologic Agent Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoan)
  • Reservoir Wild animals (opossums, armadillos,
    rodents, monkeys, etc).
  • Chagus disease is a zoonosis, a parasite of wild
    animals.

20
Distribution
  • Most Triatoma occur in the Americas.
  • From the Great Lakes of the U.S. to Southern
    Argentina.
  • 13 species are found in the Old World tropics.
  • All medically important species are confined to
    the Southern U.S., Central and South America.

21
Life Cycle of the Vector
  • Hemimetabolous
  • Egg ? Nymph ? Adult (6-10 months
  • Eggs
  • Deposited in or near the habitation of host.
  • Nymph
  • Hatch after 10-15 days
  • Stay hidden for 2-3 days
  • 5 instars (each requires 1 blood-meal)
  • Can ingest 6-12 times their weight in blood.
  • wingless
  • Adult
  • 1-2 eggs laid each day 200-300 over lifetime
  • Ingest 300-400 mg of blood every 4-9 days!
  • Nocturnal, feeding lasts 10-25 minutes.

22
Life Cycle
23
Transmission
  • People can become infected with Chagas by
  • unknowingly touching their eyes, mouth, or open
    cuts after having come into contact with
    infective triatome bug feces
  • bugs directly depositing infected feces in their
    eyes
  • eating uncooked food contaminated with triatome
    bug feces
  • receiving infection from mother during pregnancy
    or at birth
  • receiving an infected blood transfusion or organ
    transplant
  • Animals can become infected in the same way, or
    they might eat an infected bug.

24
Medical Importance
  • Affects an estimated 16-18 million people
    throughout South and Central America and Mexico.
  • 50,000 die each year!
  • In the United States only 5 cases have been
    reported in humans.
  • Domestic transmission cycle, Southern Texas USA.

25
Case Study San Benito, Texas
  • Three pet dogs died from Chagas cardiomyopathy.
  • Blood drawn from dogs and owners.
  • A follow-up serologic survey was conducted.
  • Inspection of the residence.
  • Triatoma gerstaeckeri
  • Domestic transmission cycle.

26
Signs and Symptoms
  • There are three stages of infection in Chagas
    disease.
  • (1) Acute Stage 1 of cases
  • RomaƱa's sign a person's eye on one side of the
    face swells, usually at the bite wound or where
    feces were deposited or accidentally rubbed into
    the eye.
  • fatigue, fever, enlarged liver or spleen, swollen
    lymph glands

27
Signs and Symptoms
  • (2) Indeterminate Stage
  • 8-10 weeks after infection
  • Once it begins it may last many years
  • people do not have symptoms.
  • (3) Chronic Stage
  • 10-40 years after infection 20-30 of infected
    people may develop the most serious symptoms of
    Chagas disease.
  • Cardiac problems, including an enlarged heart
    altered heart rate or rhythm heart failure or
    cardiac arrest.
  • enlargement of the esophagus or large bowel,
    which results in problems with swallowing or
    severe constipation.

28
Diagnosis/Treatment
  • Xenodiagnosis
  • Medication for Chagas disease is usually
    effective when given during the early acute stage
    of infection. Once the disease has progressed to
    later stages, medication may be less effective.
  • In the late chronic stages of infection,
    treatment focuses on managing the symptoms
    associated with the disease.

29
Prevention and Control
  • Avoid sleeping in thatch, mud, or adobe houses.
  • Use insecticides
  • In some countries, the blood supply may not
    always be screened for Chagas disease.
  • Bed Net with insecticides.
  • Camp under cover.

30
Prevention and Control
  • Control is based on spraying residual
    insecticides inside houses on walls, floors and
    roofs.
  • Insecticidal Smoke Bombs
  • Make the houses unattractive resting sites for
    bugs.
  • Plaster walls to cover up cracks.
  • Cost is high for rehousing.
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