Introduction to Foreign Animal Disease (FAD

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Introduction to Foreign Animal Disease (FADs)
and ZoonosisGlobal Animal Diseases of Economic
and Human Health Importance Are a Constant Risk
to North America

• R.B. Baker, DVM, MS
• Senior Clinician ISU Swine Section
• VDPAM 445

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High Fever/Blue Ear Disease China December 2007
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The Sows have a high Fever and vomit
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??????many pigs of different ages died
???? Sows abort
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Wheel Barrow of the Living Dead
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???? High Mortality
Empty Pigpens
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Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

• It may be the most contagious viral disease of
  mammals
• Small dose
• Large amount excreted
• Survives in a variety of conditions

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Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

• Incubation is 2 14 days
• High morbidity low mortality
• Many modes of transmission

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Foot and Mouth Disease Virus

• Seven Serotypes
• A, O, C
• Asia 1
• South African Territories 1 (SAT-1)
• SAT-2
• SAT-3
• Many sub-types have evolved

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PCVAC NC 2005
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FMD - Structure
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FMD Methods of Spread
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FMD
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FMD UK Break

• Started in Pigs but spread by Sheep Movement
• A 7 day lag time first case identified
• Spread over the Isles
• Test and remove, circle testing, quarantine,
  other traditional methods
• Some areas lost 90 of their domestic animals
• Ignorance and complacency

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Index Case - pig farm in SE GB
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Trucking moved virus to Sheep herds back to
transport ? sheep ? other species Airborne routes
were also likely
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Cumulative Animal Destruction
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Vesicular lesions pain
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Animal destruction as a means of control is
Ancient but often effective
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FMD A preferred agent of Terrorists ?

• Both Domestic and Foreign Groups
• Easily Carried to the US
• Not detectable by airport screening
• Rapid spread to multiple sites could destroy
  animal agriculture in the US

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Zoonosis

• Diseases that spread from vertebrate animals to
  humans
• Biologic and mechanical vectors
• Direct exposure to animals
• Fomites
• 75 of human infectious disease
• Exogenous Retroviruses

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Zoonosis

• Some of the primary sources
• Exotic pets
• Wet markets - Asia
• Bush meat Africa and Asia
• Encroachment into Re-forested lands
• Encroachment deforestation etc.
• Domestic pets
• Domestic livestock
• Wildlife contact

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Fig. 1. Possible cross-species transmission
events giving rise to SIVcpz as a recombinant of
different monkey-derived SIVs
J. L. Heeney et al., Science 313, 462 -466
(2006)
Published by AAAS
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Fig. 3. Phylogenetic analysis of SIVcpzPtt
strains from wild P. t. troglodytes apes
B. F. Keele et al., Science 313, 523 -526
(2006)
Published by AAAS
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Malta Fever (Brucellosis)

• Sir David Bruce 1887
• B. melitensis
• B. abortus
• B. suis
• B. canis
• B. ovis, B. neotomae
• B. cetaceae
• B. pinnipediae
• They are not sustainable in humans
• Will always re-emerge from wild reservoirs

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Hepititis E Virus

• Calicivirus single strand - RNA (ps)
• Developing Countries
• Present in Pork liver Recent survey
• Normal route of infection is fecal-oral
• Pregnant women have high case mortality rates
  (25)

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Other North American Zoonosis

• Salmonelloses Pygmy hedgehogs, iguanas, komodo
  dragons, turtles,
• Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme Disease
• Bovine tuberculosis captive deer
• Rabies
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  pigs, cats, dogs?
• Petting zoos O157H7, Salmonella,

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Zoonosis and SE Asia
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Q-Fever (Coxiella burnetti)
http//www.cdc.gov/healthypets/diseases/qfever.htm
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Zoonosis and SE Asia

• South East Asia is a melting pot of viral
  diseases
• Different levels of personal hygiene
• Different levels of exposure
• Wild, domestic, human, and avian animals live in
  close contact
• Often Little separation no biosecurity

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Zoonosis and the World

• Issues
• We have become a global society
• Animal trade legal and illegal
• Time lag between first case and a functional
  response
• Animal sources and human exposure?
• Little livestock biosecurity in most of the world

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Paramyxoviridae and the Fruit Bat Connection
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Zoonosis and SE Asia
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HenipavirusNipah Hendra

• Closely related viruses found in Flying Foxes
  (Fruit Bats)
• Recent out breaks have been in horses, pigs, and
  humans
• Australia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Singapore, and
  other parts of SE Asia
• Viruses cause Encephalitis in Humans
• 1994 2006 sporadic outbreaks

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Zoogeographical Range of Flying Foxes
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Nipah Virus
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Nipah virus spread
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Nipah 1.1 million pigs141 Humans
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Nipah Outbreak
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Zoonosis and SE Asia
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Other Zoonosis of SE Asia

• Lyssavirus Rabies like virus of bats
• Menangle Bat to pig in Australia
• Tioman Isolated from flying foxes
• Ross River virus biting vectors
• Barmah Forest virus mosquito
• SARS Virus direct contact Civets or Horseshoe
  bats?

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Other Zoonosis of SE Asia

• Chikungunya virus alphavirus mosquito
• Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito
• Dengue Fever Virus mosquito
• HIV
• Hand foot and Mouth Disease of humans
  enterovirus (coxsackievirus)

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Zoonosis and SE Asia
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Zoonosis of SE Asia
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Thanks