Canine infectious diseases: board review 2004

1
Canine infectious diseasesboard review 2004

• Olivier Toulza, DVM

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Bacterial diseases

• Actinomycosis Nocardiosis
• Borreliosis
• Botulism
• Brucellosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Clostridial disease
• Leptospirosis
• L-form bacteria

• Mycobacterial infections
• Plague
• Salmonellosi
• Streptococcal infection
• Tetanus
• Tularemia
• Yersiniosis

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Actinomycosis

• Etiology
• Actinomyces sp.
• Normal flora in oropharynx ? wound infection
  (grass, bite)
• Gram , anaerobic, non acid-fast, filamentous
  bacteria
• Clinical signs
• Fever, lymphadenopathy, abscesses
• Usually localized to one tissue site (head,
  pleural space, abdomen)
• Diagnosis
• "sulfur granules" in pus (bacteria)
• Culture is difficult but necessary for Dx
• Treatment
• Drain abscess
• Penicillin 1st choice
• Prognosis good w/adequate Rx

4
Nocardiosis

• Etiology
• Nocardia asteroides
• Soil saprophyte ? opportunistic infection
  (inhalation, wound)
• Gram , aerobic, acid-fast, filamentous bacteria
• Clinical signs several presentations
• SQ wound, fever, abscess (mycetoma)
• Body cavity thoracic or abdominal (effusion)
• Disseminated lungSQliverkidneyCNSbone
• Diagnosis
• Bacteria in pus
• Culture
• Treatment
• Drain abscess
• Sulfonamides 1st choice
• Prognosis fair if localized, poor if disseminated

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Borreliosis

• Etiology
• Borrelia burgdorferi ? Lyme disease
• Spirochete bacteria
• Transmission by Ixodes ticks (meal gt12-24h)
• Rare transmission dog to human or dog to dog
• Clinical signs
• 2-5 months after infection episodic signs
• Due to hosts inflammatory response
• Lameness, painful swollen joints, /- fever
• Glomerulonephritis, ARF (worse in Labs
  Goldens?)
• Other seizures, heart block, behavior change

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Borreliosis

• Diagnosis
• Normal CBC, Chem, UA, ANA, RF
• Joint fluid ? cells (gt95Neutr), ? protein
• Serology
• ELISA detects IgG ( 4-6 wks after infection)
• Western blot differentiates vaccinal (Osp A) vs
  infectious titer

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Borreliosis

• Treatment
• Amoxicillin or Doxycycline for 4 weeks
• Better w/in 24-48h
• Does not prevent recurrences
• Use anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs or steroids)
• Prognosis good, but relapses
• Prevention
• Tick control
• Vaccines
• Bacterin containing killed B. burgdorferi
  (controversial)
• recombinant Osp A

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Botulism

• Etiology
• Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin contaminates
  food/dead animals
• Saprophytic, ubiquitous, spore forming
• Gram , anaerobic rod
• Pathogenesis
• toxin blocks release of Ach
• Incubation hrs to 6 days
• Clinical signs
• LMN rear to front, CN affected, /- respiratory
  paralysis
• paraS dysfunction mydriasis, drooling

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Botulism

• Diagnosis
• History and signs
• EMG subnormal amplitude of evoked motor
  potentials, no denervation potentials
• Treatment
• Supportive care
• Antitoxin only effective before toxin enters
  cells
• Prognosis fair if no respiratory paralysis

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Tetanus

• Etiology
• Clostridium tetani ? Vegetative form ? toxin
• Gram , anaerobic, spore forming, in soil
• Produces neurotoxin under anaerobic conditions
• Pathogenesis
• Toxin migrates via peripheral nerves to spinal
  cord
• Blocks release of GABA Glycine from inhibitory
  interneurons (Renshaw cells)
• Clinical signs localized or generalized
• Trismus (lockjaw), pain, stiffness, erect
  ears/tail
• CN affected
• Death from respiratory failure

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Tetanus

• Diagnosis
• Wound signs
• Treatment
• Drain wound
• Penicillin Metronidazole
• Equine tetanus antitoxin (caution anaphylaxis)
• Supportive care
• Prognosis
• good if mild/moderate dz (recovery takes weeks)
• guarded if respiratory involvement

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Brucellosis

• Etiology
• Brucella canis
• Not in cats, but ZOONOSIS
• Gram -, aerobic, intracellular coccobacillus
• Pathogenesis infected secretions on mucous
  membranes
• Clinical signs
• Repro disorders infertility, orchitis, abortion
  (45-60d)
• Lymphadenopathy, fever, lameness,
  discospondylitis
• Diagnosis
• Chem hyperglobulinemia
• Serology
• Rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) best
  test, but false
• Tube agglutination test for confirmation
• Agar-gel immunodiffusion very sensitive, for
  confirmation
• Culture (blood, secretions, tissue) easy but long

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Brucellosis

• Treatment
• Difficult (intracellular organism)
• Minocycline dihydrostreptomycin
• Prognosis guarded for cure
• Prevention stop breeding infected animals

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Campylobacteriosis

• Etiology
• Campylobacter jejuni
• In normal dog cat feces ZOONOSIS
• Gram -, curved bacillus
• Clinical signs rare
• Acute diarrhea /- vomiting gtgtgt chronic
• Diagnosis
• Stained fecal smear
• Fecal culture
• Treatment erythromycin
• Prognosis excellent unless septicemia

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Clostridial disease

• Etiology
• Clostridium perfringens difficile toxigenic
• In normal dog cat feces
• Gram , anaerobic, spore forming, bacilli
• Clinical signs
• Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea gtgtgt chronic
• Diagnosis
• C. perfringens culture, enterotoxin in feces
• C. difficile cytotoxin in feces
• Treatment
• C. perfringens Ampi/Amoxicillin, Metronidazole,
  Tylosin high fiber diet
• C. difficile Metronidazole
• Prognosis good unless severe disease

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Leptospirosis

• Etiology
• Leptospira interrogans ZOONOSIS
• Several serovars (canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae)
• Spirochete bacteria
• Pathogenesis
• Transmission contact w/infected animal or
  environment (urine)
• Penetration through mucous membranes
• Clinical signs variable
• Fever, anorexia, vomiting, petechiae, cough
• ARF (canicola, grippo) or hepatitis (ictero,
  pomona)
• Diagnosis
• CBC, Chem, UA with signs of inflammation liver
  and/or renal dz
• Serology
• microscopic agglutination test standard
• convalescent titers (fourfold increase)
• Organism identification (dark-field microscopy)
  difficult
• Culture difficult

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Leptospirosis

• Treatment
• Supportive care ARF, DIC
• Penicillin 1st to stop leptospiremia
• Tetracycline to eliminate carrier state
• Doxycyline does both
• Prognosis depends on severity
• Prevention
• Vaccine bacterins for canicola ictero
• 4-way Lepto vaccine canicola, ictero, pomona,
  grippo

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Mycobacterial infections

• Tuberculous infection
• Etiology
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium
• Acid-fast organisms
• Clinical signs
• Fever, cough, weight loss, V/D, lymphadenopathy,
  dysphagia
• Diagnosis
• Granulomas in respiratory tract (dogs), or GI
  (cats), or LN
• Biopsy or culture of infected tissue
• Treatment
• Euthanasia due to poor prognosis and ZOONOSIS
• Isoniazid rifampin ethambutol for 6-9 months

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Mycobacterial infections

• Nontuberculous infection
• Etiology
• Mycobacterium lepraemurium (feline leprosy)
  rodent bite
• Atypical mycobacteria wound contamination
• Clinical signs cutaneous SC nodules
• Diagnosis
• Biopsy acid-fast organisms
• Culture is difficult
• Treatment
• Surgical excision of nodules
• Dapsone or Rifampin

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Plague

• Etiology
• Yersinia pestis
• Wild rodents reservoir
• Transmission flea bite or ingestion of rodent
• Zoonosis flea, bite/scratch from infected animal
• Clinical signs
• mild lymphadenopathy in dogs
• septicemia in cats
• Treatment
• sulfonamides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol
• Prognosis guarded in cats

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Salmonellosis

• Etiology
• Salmonella spp.
• In normal dog cat feces ? fecal/oral
  transmission ZOONOSIS
• Gram - bacilli
• Pathogenesis
• invade multiply in intestinal mucosa (distal
  small bowel, colon)
• Clinical signs
• Fever, diarrhea (dog), vomiting, weight loss /-
  septicemia
• Asymptomatic carriers
• Diagnosis
• Culture fecal or blood
• Treatment
• if GI only supportive care /- ABs (resistance,
  carrier)
• if septicemia Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, TMS,
  Cephalosporin
• Prognosis good unless septicemia

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Streptococcal infection

• Etiology
• Streptococcus spp.
• Gram , facultative anaerobic, cocci
• Nonhemolytic strep normal flora
• ß-hemolytic strep pathogenic
• Clinical signs
• Fever, UTI, lymphadenopathy, cough, dyspnea,
  endocarditis, discospondylitis
• Diagnosis culture
• Treatment
• Penicillin, Cephalosporin
• Ampi or TMS if ß-hemolytic strep UTI
• ZOONOSIS
• group A Strep (S. pyrogenes) from human to animal

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Tularemia

• Etiology
• Francisella tularensis
• Gram - bacillus
• Reservoir rabbits wild rodents
• Transmission
• bug bites ingestion of infected meat
• ZOONOSIS cat scratch or bite
• Clinical signs
• Fever, cough, dyspnea, lymphadenopathy, icterus
• Diagnosis
• Serology
• Culture
• Treatment aminoglycosides

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Yersiniosis

• Etiology
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in cats
• Y. enterocolitica in humans gtgtgt dog cat
• Gram - bacilli
• Clinical signs
• Y. pseudotuberculosis diarrhea, weight loss,
  vomiting, fever, icterus
• Y. enterocolitica bloody mucoid diarrhea
• Diagnosis
• Y. pseudotuberculosis biopsy and tissue culture
• Y. enterocolitica fecal culture
• Treatment TMS, tetracycline, chloramphenicol
• Prognosis
• good if enterocolitica, guarded if pseudotub.

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Fungal diseases

• Aspergillosis
• Blastomycosis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Cryptococcosis
• Histoplasmosis
• Phycomycosis
• Protothecosis
• Sporotrichosis

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Aspergillosis

• Etiology
• Aspergillus fumigatus
• Saprophytic fungus ? inhalation
• Infection facilitated by underlying dz, trauma
• Clinical signs
• Nasal infection chronic rhinitis uni then
  bilateral
• Disseminated dz fever, weight loss, back pain,
  neuro problems
• Diagnosis
• CBC, Chem, UA ? ALP, ? TP
• Cytology Fungal culture
• Serology only to support Dx (not alone)
• Radiographs
• Nasal turbinate lysis (seen with rhinoscopy)
• Disseminated dz diffuse interstitial lung
  pattern, /- bony lysis of limb
• Treatment
• Nasal intranasal infusion of clotrimazole or
  enilconazole ? fair prognosis
• Disseminated dz itraconazole but difficult ?
  poor prognosis

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Blastomycosis

• Etiology
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Saprophytic fungus ? inhalation by young, large
  breed male dogs
• Mississippi River Valley possible ZOONOSIS
• Clinical signs
• Pulmonary fever, chronic cough, weight loss
• Cutaneous draining tracts, lymphadenopathy
• Disseminated bone, eyes, LN, testes, CNS
• Diagnosis
• Non regenerative anemia, stress leukogram, incr.
  Glob.
• Cytology optimal method of Dx Fungal culture
• Serology Agar gel immunodiffusion to support Dx
  (not alone)
• Rads lung nodules, bone lesions (lysis
  proliferation)
• Treatment Amphotericin B, Itraconazole,
  Ketoconazole
• Prognosis fair unless CNS 20 recurrence

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Coccidioidomycosis

• Etiology
• Coccidioides immitis
• Saprophytic fungus ? inhalation
• Semi-arid areas (AZ), young large breed dogs not
  zoonotic
• Clinical signs
• Pulmonary fever, cough, weight loss
• Cutaneous draining tracts, lymphadenopathy
• Disseminated bone, eyes, LN, CNS
• Diagnosis
• CBC, Chem same as Blasto
• Cytology optimal method of Dx Fungal culture
• Serology to support Dx
• Rads interstitial lung pattern,
  osteoproliferation
• Treatment ketoconazole, itraconazole
• Prognosis poor if disseminated, fair if pulmonary

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Cryptococcosis

• Etiology
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Saprophytic, yeast-like fungus (bird droppings) ?
  inhalation
• Cats gtgtgt dogs
• Clinical signs
• Cutaneous draining tracts, lymphadenopathy
• Nasal chronic discharge, /- mass
• Disseminated eyes, CNS, fever, weight loss
• Diagnosis
• CBC, Chem same as Blasto
• Cytology on pus or CSF optimal method of Dx
  Fungal culture
• Serology only to support Dx
• Rads turbinates lysis /- soft tissue density in
  sinuses
• Treatment antifungals, but not very effective in
  dogs
• Prognosis fair to good in cats, poor in dogs
  w/CNS dz

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Histoplasmosis

• Etiology
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• Saprophytic fungus (bird/bat droppings) ?
  inhalation
• Mississippi Ohio River Valleys possible
  ZOONOSIS
• Clinical signs
• GI dz (dogs) fever, V/D, weight loss
• Disseminated dz (cats) bone, LN, eyes, lungs
• Diagnosis
• Panhypoproteinemia, ? liver enz
• Cytology optimal method of Dx Fungal culture
• Serology only to support Dx
• Rads lung nodules, lymphadenopathy, GI wall
  thickening
• Treatment antifungals
• Prognosis fair if not severe dz

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Phycomycosis

• Etiology
• Pythium insidiosum
• Aquatic organisms
• Clinical signs
• GI (dogs) granulomatous lesions
• Cutaneous draining tracts
• Diagnosis
• Biopsy eosinophilic infiltrates
• Cytology Fungal culture
• Treatment
• Surgical excision of lesion ketoconazole
• Prognosis no cure

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Protothecosis

• Etiology
• Prototheca zopfii wickerhamii
• Saprophyte algae, worldwide
• Worse in Collies Dogs gtgtgt cats
• Clinical signs
• GI large bowel diarrhea
• Eyes, weight loss, cutaneous lesions
• Diagnosis
• Colonic scraping or biopsy
• Treatment amphotericin B
• Prognosis guarded

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Sporotrichosis

• Etiology
• Sporothrix schenckii
• Soil saprophyte ? wound contamination ZOONOSIS
• Rare disseminated dz
• Clinical signs
• Ulcerated skin nodules, lymphadenopathy
• Diagnosis
• Cytology
• Culture of biopsy
• Treatment
• Ketoconazole, itraconazole, iodides
• Prognosis good if localized, guarded if
  disseminated

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Parasitic diseases

• Amebiasis
• Babesiosis
• Coccidiosis
• Giardiasis
• Hepatozoonosis
• Leishmaniasis
• Neosporosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Trypanosomiasis

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Amebiasis

• Etiology
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Transmission trophozoites or cysts in water
• Rare in dogs cats affects humans
• Clinical signs
• Bloody, mucoid diarrhea
• Diagnosis
• Fecal smear or floatation
• Treatment metronidazole or furazolidone

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Babesiosis

• Etiology
• Babesia canis B. gibsoni
• Intracellular erythrocytic parasite
• Vector Rhipicephalus tick
• Clinical signs
• Peracute (rare) shock, sudden death
• Acute (common) intravascular hemolysis
• Chronic (rare) fever, weight loss, inappetence
• Diagnosis
• Regenerative anemia, leukocytosis,
  thrombocytopenia, icterus
• Blood smear parasite inside RBCs
• Coombs test can be positive
• Serology (IFA) to detect occult infection
• Treatment Imidocarb supportive care
• Prognosis depends on severity

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Coccidiosis

• Etiology
• Cytoisospora spp. in puppies kittens
• Cryptosporidia spp. in neonates
  immunosuppressed
• Transmission ingestion of oocysts
• Clinical signs none to bloody diarrhea
• Diagnosis
• Fecal float for Cytoisospora
• Intestinal biopsies for Cryptosporidia
• Treatment
• Sulfa drugs as coccidiostatic for Cytoisospora
• Clindamycin or Tylosin for Cryptosporidia (not
  effective)
• Prognosis
• good for Cytoisospora
• guarded for Cryptosporidia - ZOONOSIS

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Giardiasis

• Etiology
• Giardia intestinalis
• Transmission ingestion of cysts (food or
  water) Zoonosis???
• Causes malassimilation
• Clinical signs
• Diarrhea mild to severe, /- steatorrhea, /-
  large bowel diarrhea
• Weight loss
• Diagnosis
• Fecal floatation (Zn sulfate) or wet mount
• Giardia ELISA in feces
• Treatment
• Metronidazole, Fenbendazole, Quinacrine,
  Furazolidone
• Clean kennel quaternary ammonia compound
• Prognosis good to fair

39
Hepatozoonosis

• Etiology
• Hepatozoon canis
• Intracellular parasite in various tissues
• Coast of Texas
• Transmission ingestion of infected tick
  (Rhipicephalus sanguineous)
• Clinical signs
• Wax wane
• Fever, weight loss, pain, cough, diarrhea
• Diagnosis
• CBC, Chem, UA non specific inflammation
• Cytology or biopsy (muscle) for definitive Dx
• Treatment
• No cure
• Symptomatic Rx NSAIDs, TMS Pyrimethamine
  Clindamycin

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Leishmaniasis

• Etiology
• Leishmania donovani or infantum or chagasi
• Vectors sandflies (Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia)
• Hosts dogs, rodents ZOONOSIS
• Clinical signs
• Skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, joint
  pain, petechiae, lethargy
• Diagnosis
• Anemia, hyperglobulinemia, azotemia, proteinuria
• Cytology (LN, BM, spleen) for definitive Dx
• Serology to support Dx
• Treatment
• Meglumine antimoniate or Allopurinol
• Prognosis poor if renal failure

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Neosporosis

• Etiology
• Neospora caninum
• Transmission ingestion of tachyzoites tissue
  cysts (meat), transplacental
• Clinical signs ascending LMN paralysis
• Diagnosis
• Serology fourfold increase in titer
• Biopsy immunochemical staining
• Treatment TMS, Clindamycin but not effective
• Prognosis grave

42
Toxoplasmosis

• Etiology
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Obligate intracellular protozoan
• Definitive host cat
• Transmission ingestion of oocysts ZOONOSIS
• Life cycle
• Enteroepithelial cycle only in cats ? cysts
• Extraintestinal cycle ? tissue cysts (CNS,
  muscle, viscera)
• Clinical signs usually asymptomatic
• Dogs acute fever, V/D, lymphadenopathy, myalgia
  CNS dz
• Diagnosis
• CSF ? prot., ? lymphocytes
• Serology (IFA) IgM (acute dz), IgG (paired
  titers)
• Biopsy
• Treatment Clindamycin, TMS, Pyrimethamine,
  folinic acid
• Prognosis fair unless CNS

43
Trypanosomiasis

• Etiology
• Trypanosoma cruzi (dog), brucei (cat)
• Vector Reduviidae (blood-sucking insects)
• Transmission
• insect defecates on wound or ingestion of insect
• Clinical signs
• Acute anorexia, lymphadenopathy, R-sided heart
  failure
• Chronic cardiomyopathy (dilated)
• Diagnosis
• Cytology blood, LN
• Cardiac evaluation (rads, ECG, echo)
• Treatment no available in US
• ZOONOSIS (via insect)

44
Rickettsial diseases

• Ehrlichiosis
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Salmon poisoning (rickettsial enteritis)

45
Ehrlichiosis

• Etiology
• Ehrlichia canis monocytes
• Ehrlichia platys cyclic thrombocytopenia
• Ehrlichia equi neutrophils
• Ehrlichia risticii monocytes
• New terminology
• E. equi Anaplasma phagocytophila
• E. platys Anaplasma platys
• E. risticii Neorickettsia risticii

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Ehrlichia canis

• Transmission Rhipicephalus sanguineous
• Clinical signs
• Acute fever, weight loss, epistaxis, lameness,
  CNS signs
• Chronic anemia, ocular lesions, CNS signs
• Diagnosis
• CBC thrombocytopenia to pancytopenia
• Chem hyperglobulinemia, incr. liver enzymes
• CSF incr. lymphocytes if neuro signs
• Joint tap polyarthritis
• Serology (IFA) or Cytology for definitive Dx

47
Ehrlichia canis

• Treatment
• Doxycycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol
• Supportive care (/- transfusions)
• Prognosis
• Good if acute and adequate Rx
• Guarded if chronic

48
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• Etiology
• Rickettsia rickettsii
• Reservoir rabbits and rodents
• Transmission tick bite (Dermacentor) spring
  summer
• Clinical signs
• Vasculitis petechiae, ecchymoses
• Fever, lethargy, anorexia, V/D, lymphadenopathy,
  joint pain, eyes, CNS
• Diagnosis
• Thrombocytopenia
• CSF normal to ? Neutr.
• Serology or biopsy to confirm Dx
• Treatment doxycycline, tetracycline,
  chloramphenicol
• Prognosis good w/early Rx

49
Salmon poisoning(rickettsial enteritis)

• Etiology
• Neorickettsia helmintheca or elokominica
• Transmission ingestion of fish infected by fluke
  (Nanophyetus salmincola) infected by
  Neorickettsia
• Pacific Northwest (intermediate host snail)
• Clinical signs
• Hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, fever
• Diagnosis
• Fecal float (fluke ova) or LN aspirate
  (rickettsia)
• Treatment
• Doxycycline, tetracycline, TMS, chloramphenicol
• Fenbendazole or praziquantel
• Prognosis poor w/out Rx

50
Viral diseases

• Distemper
• Infectious hepatitis
• Herpesvirus infection
• Parvovirus infection
• Coronaviral enteritis
• Pseudorabies
• Rabies
• Infectious tracheobronchitis

51
Distemper

• Etiology
• Canine Distemper Virus
• Morbillivirus (Paramyxoviridae family) RNA virus
• Transmission inhalation
• Clinical signs
• Systemic signs anorexia, nasal/ocular discharge,
  V/D, cough, fever, skin rash
• Neurologic signs
• Acute dz seizures (partial or generalized),
  myoclonus
• Subacute dz myoclonus 1-3 wks after systemic
  signs
• Chronic dzmultifocal encephalitis (young or old
  dogs)

52
Distemper

• Diagnosis
• CBC lymphopenia, inclusion in lymphocytes
• CSF ? prot cells anti-CDV antibody in CSF
• Serology IFA on cytology (conj., resp.
  epithelium, buffy coat)
• Treatment none, except for supportive care
• Prognosis fair if mild dz grave if progressive
  neuro signs
• Prevention vaccine (start at 6-8 wks old)

53
Infectious hepatitis

• Etiology
• Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)
• Transmission oronasal route
• Rare dz
• Clinical signs
• Anorexia, fever, lymphadenopathy, V/D, ascites,
  petechiae
• Corneal edema during recovery period
• Diagnosis
• CBC, Chem neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, ? ALT
• Serology fourfold increase in titer confirms Dx
• Treatment supportive care only
• Prognosis good if mild dz poor if severe dz
• Prevention vaccine (uses CAV-2)

54
Herpesvirus infection

• Etiology
• Herpesvirus
• Transmission oronasal route, venereal,
  transplacental
• Clinical signs
• Puppies
• dead/mummified, premature or weak, /- cerebellar
  signs
• 1-3 wk-old fatal
• 3-5 wks mild upper resp. infection
• Adults infertility, abortion, vaginitis,
  balanoposthitis
• Diagnosis
• Virus isolation
• Epithelial swab intranuclear inclusion bodies
• Serology
• Treatment supportive care
• Prognosis grave for neonates chronic infection
  in adults
• Prevention vaccine (not given routinely)

55
Parvovirus infection

• Etiology
• Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)
• DNA virus, very resistant
• CPV-1 cause of fading pups (5-21 day-old)
• Transmission fecal-oral, highly contagious
• Affects rapidly dividing cells (intestinal
  crypts, BM, LN)
• Clinical signs
• More severe in Rotties Dobies
• gt 6wk-old V/D (blood), anorexia, lethargy
• lt 4-6 wk-old dyspnea, sudden death (myocarditis)
• Diagnosis
• Leukopenia
• Fecal Parvovirus ELISA test
• Treatment isolation for 2-3 wks!
• Supportive care (fluids, ABs, plasma,
  anti-emetics)
• Prognosis good but risk of sepsis w/out Rx
• Prevention vaccine (start at 6-8wks)

56
Coronaviral enteritis

• Etiology
• Canine Coronavirus
• RNA virus, resistant
• Pathogenesis attacks mature GI cells
• Clinical signs V/D (less severe than Parvo)
• Diagnosis difficult (electron microscopy)
• Treatment supportive care
• Prognosis good
• Prevention vaccine for high-risk dogs

57
Pseudorabies

• Etiology
• Herpesvirus (from swine) Aujeszkys dz mad
  itch
• DNA virus, resistant
• Transmission ingestion of infected meat (raw
  pork)
• Clinical signs
• Behavior change, intense pruritus, seizures
• Death within 48hrs
• Diagnosis
• Difficult (virus isolation, brain histopath, sero
  on pigs)
• Treatment none
• Prognosis grave

58
Rabies

• Etiology
• Lyssavirus (Rhadoviridae family)
• RNA virus, very labile
• Reservoir bats, skiunks, raccoons, foxes
• Transmission contact between saliva wound
• Pathogenesis
• incubation 3 to 24 wks (depends on site of bite)
• virus travels to CNS along nerve fibers
• Clinical signs death within 10 days
• Prodromal phase (2-3d) behavior change
• Excitative/Furious phase (1-7d) drooling,
  dysphagia, aggression, roaming, seizures
• Paralytic phase rapid paralysis ? death from
  resp. arrest
• Diagnosis postmortem
• Biopsy skin (sensory vibrissae), brain

59
Rabies

• Treatment none ? grave prognosis
• Prevention vaccine (inactivated virus)
• ZOONOSIS
• wear gloves mask
• pre-exposure vaccines for high-risk individuals
• if human is bitten by suspect animal
• neurologic animal euthanasia and test brain
• healthy dog (owned) isolation for 10 days
• healthy dog (not owned) euthanasia and test
  brain
• report case to public health authorities
• post-exposure vaccines for any exposed human

60
Infectious tracheobronchitiskennel cough

• Etiology
• Viruses
• CPiV (Canine Parainfluenza Virus
  Paramyxoviridae)
• CAV-2 (infectious laryngotracheitis virus)
• CAV-1 (infectious hepatitis virus)
• Canine Herpesvirus
• Bacteria
• Bordetella bronchiseptica (Gram-)
• Streptococcus (Gram)
• Pasteurella (Gram-)
• Pseudomonas (Gram-)
• Coliform bacteria (Gram-)
• Mycoplasma (no cell wall)

61
Infectious tracheobronchitis

• Clinical signs
• Cough /- rhinitis /- pneumonia
• Diagnosis
• Hx (contagious) and signs
• Chest radiographs
• Bacterial culture and virus isolation
• Serology
• Treatment symptomatic
• ABs Doxycycline, Clavamox, TMS
• /- Antitussives
• /- Bronchodilators
• Prognosis fair
• Prevention vaccines (intranasal for CPiV,
  Bordetella)