TYPOLOGY OF TURKISH

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TYPOLOGY OF TURKISH

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Language Studies / \

• Genealogical Typological
• Language Families Structural Similarities
• / \
• 3000-5000 languages family traits cross-
• 30 language families linguistic
• 
  similarities

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Language Structure

• Phonology Morphology Syntax
  Semantics
• / \ / \
• Sounds Intonation words sentences
  lexical sentence
• / \ / \
  
• C V Free Affixes
• / \
• Prefix Infix
  Suffix

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PhonologyConsonants Vowels
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Consonant Inventories Number Language
____________________________________Minimu
m 6 Rotokas (New Guinea) - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -Maximum 122 !Xoo
(Botswana) clicks
Turkish 23
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Consonant Inventory
Turkish English Stops p t c
k p t k
b d j g b d
gFricatives f s š h f
? s š h v z ž
v ? z ž Affricates
c c
j
jNasals m n
m n Liquids l/r l
l/r Glides j
j
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Ubykh 80 consonants/12
sibilants Denti- Alveolar-
Apica- lamina- alveolar
postalveolar postalveolar postalveolar
vcls sa.ba
sa ?a ?a?a why 3 my head
mother-in-lawvcd
za zaza ?a ?awa 1 kidney firewood
shadelabializedvcls asoa
?oa white sealabialized azoan
?w anvcd it boils it roasts
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Vowels Turkish- 8 Vowel System
English-12 Vowel System
i u i
u I ? i ü
e o
?
? a o
e ö
æ a in ün en ön un
on an - kin
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3.3. Consonant-Vowel ratioLow 1 Andoke
(Columbia) 10 cons., 9 vowelsAverage 4.5 -
6.5 Turkish 23 cons., 8 vowelsHigh 29
Abkhaz 58 c, 2 vowels3.5. Syllable
Structurea. Simple ( C ) V o b.
Moderately complex CVC or CCV sertc.
Complex CCCVCCCC strengths
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Vowel
Harmony(i) Root-Internal Harmony all vowels
are front elek erik ütü igne ögle iki all
vowels are back ara ari kuzu koyu
distributional constraint öte ütü
etö (ii) External Harmony Suffixes harmonize
with the last vowel of the root High Vowel
Harmony back su-suz/ev-siz ro
unded as-siz
ev-de av-daLow Vowel Harmony back
kol-da göl-de
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MorphologyWord Structure
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• Morphological universals
• (Greenberg, 1964)
• If a language is exclusively suffixing, it is
  postpositional if it is exclusively prefixing,
  it is prepositional.
• 41. If in a language the verb follows both the
  nominal subject and nominal object as the
  dominant order, the language almost always has a
  case system.

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Case marking symmetrical
asymmetrical

• TURKISH
• All nominals inflect for the same case
  categories. (7)
• Noun Pronoun
• Nom dolap biz
• Acc dolab-i biz-i
• Dat dolab-a biz-e
• Loc dolap-ta biz-de
• Abl dolap-tan biz-den
• Gen dolab-in biz-im
• Instr dolapil biz-im-le

• English Noun Pronoun
• Direct book weAcc -
  usGen books ur

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Position of Affixes Prefixation
Suffixation Equal
54 lang
382 languages 130 languages
Ubykh a. Okul-da
a-w?-s-xe-n-tu-n b.
gel-e-me-yebil-ir-iz 2SG-1BEN-3Obl-give-PST
You gave it to him for me
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Lexical Categories

• English
• Verb
• Eat eat-s eat-ing ate eat-en
• Noun
• girl girls girls girls
• Adjective small small-er small-est
• Adverb
• fast fast-er fast-est

• Turkish
• Verb
• gezdiremeyebilecektik
• Non-verbs (Substantives) oda- lar- imiz-
  dan eski - ler- imiz - den

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Greenberg Universals (1966)1. In declarative
sentences with nominal subject and object, the
dominant order is almost always one in which the
subject precedes the object. 4. With
overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency,
languages with normal SOV order are
postpositional.12. If a language has dominant
order SOV in declarative sentences, there is
never a rule which puts interrogative words or
phrases first in interrogative questions.13. If
a nominal object precedes the verb, then verb
forms subordinated to the main verb also precede
it.14. In conditional statements, the
conditional clause precedes the conclusion as the
normal order in all languages.
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• Word order
• All languages have a dominant word order, ...
  that is more common than others. Most
  languages allow variations on their basic word
  order. (Steele in Greenberg, 1978).
• S-O-V
• S-V-O predominant orders
• V-S-O
• O-V-S
• O-S-V
• V-O-S

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Relativization
relative
pronoun Non-reduction strategy Pronoun
retention Deletion (I) Der Mann der
mich begrüsst hat war ein
Japaner. Det man-NOM rel-NOM 1SG-ACC
greet-PRT Perf be-3SGPst one A. The man
who greeted me was a Japanese.(ii) boitohoi
bog-ai-hiab-i-s-aoaxai boito baosa
xig-i-sai boat
come-ATELIC-NEG-EPENTH-?-inter boat barge
bring-E-NML Might it be that the boat
(which) tows barges is not coming? Pirata
(Brazil- Everett, 1986) (iii) ma ye
we ntra fan nwe si san gho I
see-PRF person that who he PST2 beat-PFV
you I have seen the man who has beaten you.
Babunka (Bantu-Schraub 1985)
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(iii) Babunga (Bantu - Schraub 1985) ma ye
we ntra fan nwe si san gho I
see-PRF person that who he PST2 beat-PFV
you I have seen the man who has beaten
you.(iv) - Turkish kedi-yi
kovala-yan köpekAlso for Turkish a.
( sev-dig-im) insan
deletion b. (kendisi-ni
sev-dig-im) insan resumptive pronoun
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• If the relative expression precedes the noun ,
  either the language
• is postpositional or the adjective precedes the
  noun or both.
• (Greenberg Universal)
• Kazakh
• (2)a. Kitap-ti okip jat-kan kiz men-in
  karindas-im.
• book-ACC read -NOM girl I-GEN
  sibling-1POSS
• The girl who is reading the book is my
  sister.
• b. Keshe jol-da biz-din kör-gen-imiz kisi öte
  semiz balatin.
• Yesterday road-LOC we-GEN see-NOM-1PLPOSS man
  very fat
• The man we saw on the road yesterday was
  very fat.

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Complementation
Verbal inflection
Nominalization English Turkish
She knows O
biz-im Türkçe ögren-dig- iimiz-i
that we are hungary. biliyor.
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Want Complementation(i) implicit subjectTk-
Arkeologlar ______ mezar-i aç-mak
iste-di-ler.Ing- The archeologists wanted ____
to open the tomb. (ii) explicit subject -
Greek, ArabicThel-o na pá-o s-tin
Athínawant-1SG COMP go-1SG to-ART AthensI
want to go to Athens.(iii) both strategies
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Adjunct ClausesTemporal PurposeReasonStrate
gies (I) finite (ii)
non-finite (iii) both types
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Purpose Clauses(I) NonfiniteTk- a.
Ögrenciler Macarca ögrenmek Için
Macaristana gittiler. B. Ögrenciler
Macarca ögrenmege Macaristana gittiler. Ing-
The students went to Hungary to learn
Hungarian.(ii) FiniteChinese- ni qui-xialai
qin Zháng-san you kneel.down beg
Zháng-san You kneel down in order to beg
Zháng-san. You kneel down and beg
Zháng-san.
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Temporal Clauses(I) NonfiniteTürkçe a. Oraya
git-tig-im zaman, .. B Oraya
gid-ince .(ii) FiniteHungarian(iii)
MixedEnglish When I go there, . When
writing the next example . When
the announcement came,
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Reason Adjuncts(I) Finite(ii)
Nonfinite(iii) MixedEnglish a. Having come,
.. B. Since we have come, Turkish a.
Gel-dig-imiz Için . B. Gel-di-m
diye ..