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Typology tools

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Language death. Every 10 days or so a language dies. Most disappear unnoticed. Killer languages. Worldwide phenomenon. What s lost when a language dies? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Typology tools


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Typology tools
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Typology
  • The area of linguistics dealing with all
    languages
  • How many languages there are
  • Their characteristics
  • Similarities/differences
  • Their genetic relationships
  • How they are distributed across the planet

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Language universals
  • Absolute true of every (human) language
  • E.g. has oral V
  • Tendencies hold for many/most languages
  • Implication one fact implies another
  • Markedness
  • Any area of linguistics phonetics, phonology,
    morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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Language universals

The Universals Archive Look at 666, 5, 318, 387,
390 Greenberg's Implicational Universals Look
at 8, 18, 28, 34, 45
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Phonemic Systems

Phoible database
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Genetic groupings (1)
  • Indo-European
  • Germanic English, German, Norwegian, Gothic,
  • Celtic Welsh, Irish, Gaelic, Breton,
  • Italic Italian, Spanish, Romansch, Rumanian,
  • Hellenic
  • Baltic Latvian, Lithuanian
  • Slavic Russian, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Polish,
  • Armenian
  • Albanian
  • Indo-Iranian Farsi, Kurdish, Hindi/Urdu, Romany,
    Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi,

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Genetic groupings (2)
  • Uralic
  • Finno-Ugric Finnish, Lapp, Komi, Hungarian,
  • Samoyed Nenets, Enets, Selkup,
  • Altaic
  • Turkic Turkish, Uzbek, Tatar, Uighur,
  • Mongolian Khalkha, Buriat
  • Tungusic
  • Korean
  • Japanese

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Genetic groupings (3)
  • Caucasian
  • Kartvelian Georgian, Mingrelian,
  • NW Caucasian Abkhaz, Kabardian
  • NE Caucasian Chechen, Lezghian,
  • Dravidian
  • North Malto, Brahui,
  • Central Kolami, Parji,
  • South-central Telugu, Gondi,
  • South Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada,

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Genetic groupings (4)
  • Sino-Tibetan
  • Tibeto-Burman Burmese, Tibetan, Sharpa,
  • Sinitic Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka,
  • Austroasiatic
  • Munda Santali, Ho,
  • Nicobarese Nancowry,
  • Aslian Semai, Semelai,
  • Mon-Khmer Vietnamese, Khmer, Hmong,

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Genetic groupings (5)
  • Austronesian
  • Formosan Amis, Binun,
  • MalayoPolynesian (W) Tagalog, Malay, Balinese
  • MalayoPolynesian (C) Tetum, Soboyo,
  • MalayoPolynesian (E) Samoan, Tongan, Maori,
  • Indo-Pacific
  • Over 700, all spoken on New Guinea and
    surrounding islands
  • Australian

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Genetic groupings (6)
  • Afroasiatic
  • Egyptian
  • Cushitic Somali, Oromo
  • Berber Tuarig, Zenaga,
  • Chadic Hausa
  • Semitic Aramaic, Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic
  • Niger-Congo (9 subfamilies) Fula, Wolof, Mende,
    Maninka, Twi, Ewe, Igbo, Zulu,
  • Nilo-Saharan Maasai, Songhai, Nubian,
  • Khoisan Hottentot, Sandawa,

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Genetic groupings (7)
  • Dozens of native American languages FAMILIES in
    the Americas!
  • Mayan
  • Uto-Aztecan
  • Eskimo-Aleut
  • Athapaskan
  • Siouan
  • Iroquoian
  • Wakashan
  • Salish

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Language endangerment
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How (many) endangered?
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Language death
  • Every 10 days or so a language dies
  • Most disappear unnoticed
  • Killer languages
  • Worldwide phenomenon
  • Whats lost when a language dies?

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Language death

Endangered languages
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Glottolog/Langdoc
  • Knowledge base of 94k languoids (dialects,
    languages, families) interlinked with
  • 175k references of mostly descriptive nature.
  • annotations for type (grammar, dictionary, text,
    etc) and languages covered.
  • You can browse languoids, browse references,
    formulate complex queries
  • All references can be downloaded with Zotero or
    as bibtex.
  • Queries can take into account a variety of
    parameters. For instance, one can search for 'any
    grammar or grammar sketch of a Semitic language
    spoken in Africa published before 1998 where the
    author is 'Ali'

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  • Glottolog

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Ethnologue
  • Information on over 7100 known living languages
  • Genetic relationships, speaker populations, etc.
  • Sections re statistics, endangerment, etc.

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WALS
  • Large database of structural (phonological,
    grammatical, lexical) properties of languages
  • Gathered from descriptive materials (such as
    reference grammars) by a team of 55 authors (many
    of them the leading authorities on the subject).
  • Browse by feature, relationships, etc.

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WALS
WALS database

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Multitree
Multitree
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