Jai Hind

1
Jai Hind

• At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the
  world sleeps, India will awake to life and
  freedom.
• Jawaharlal Nehru, Tryst With Destiny, 8-14-1947

2
Part 1Background of Indian History

• Presented By Hikari

3
Contents

• India before the British colonization 17th
  18th Century
• India was fragmented and multi-lingual, with 15
  major languages and around 720 dialects
• Mid-18th Century
• The British settlements - British East India
  Company
• the Mughals allowed the Company to build trading
  posts in India in return for goods from Europe.
  The Company traded in such commodities as cotton,
  silk, saltpetre, indigo, and tea?By the
  mid-1600s, the Company had established trading
  posts or "factories" in major Indian cities, such
  as Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras in addition to
  their first factory at Surat (built in 1612).
• Purposes for trading luxuries
• 1757 General Clive won the major victory at the
  battle of Plassey in Calcutta
• After this, the entire province of Bengal was
  passed to the British East India ompany, and this
  battle is today seen as one of the pivotal
  battles leading to the British Empire in India
• - Leading to the British Empire in India
• Britain not only as a trader but also as a ruler
  Shrewd diplomacy
• Influences of British colonization that lasted
  nearly 100 (until 1947)

4
Education

• The British decisioon to educate Indians in a
  Western fashion
• English as the language (in order to consolidate
  British hold on Inida through the same language)
• Ironically, this allowed separate cultural and
  ethnic groups to identify with one another
  towards nationalist ideas
• Publication of magazines and journals in English
  had a great influence on the rise of Indian
  nationalism.
• Although most Indians received nationalist ideas
  orally, these journals allowed Indians who were
  literate in English to come into contact with the
  ideas of social and political reformers.
• Social Life- Ethnic traditions were denied.

5
Economy

• India had their own trading ports, factories and
  small production centers where raw materials were
  gathered and processed were built up along the
  coasts in India
• Heavy taxation on landlords, traders, exports
  from India
• Lower tariffs for imports from England
• Materials produced in India were processed in
  England, and the products were imported to Indian
  where Indians had to buy them.
• Local industires collapsed.
• 18th and early 19th century
• Mughal Emperor Marathas and Punjab region fell
  under British control
• Mid-19c
• Britain had begun a process of gradual
  colonization starting with military aid to
  traders then finally to military conquest.
• Last region the Sheik Kingdom in the Punjab fell
  in late 1840s
• Nearly 100 years control by the British over
  India (until 1947)

6
Rise of Indian Nationalism

• Nationalism evolved to general strategy
  involving many social groups
• Landmark- The first movement of Indian
  nationalism was the mutiny that took place in
  1857
• 1857 Mutiny
• Indian soldiers in the army were required to bite
  the ends off gun cartridges that contained pig
  fat and cow fat, which offended both Muslims and
  Hindus.
• Mutiny Against British officers of Bengal army
  (see the attachment)
• Rebellions were humiliated and jailed.
• Generated anarchy
• Sepoy Mutiny Indias first nationalism movement
  
• Small group to Delhi (Mughal Emperor) The emperor
  (under the British control) refused to endorse
  the mutiny
• Killing Christians and Europeans - Turned Delhi
  into chaotic
• Spread throughout the rural area -
• - Anarchy in India
• September
• A series of battles to regain Deli
• Dehli fell

7
The rise of Indian nationalism (MUTINY)

• 1857 Mutiny
• Took many forms and diverse social ramifications
• Took off some momentum which participated range
  of grievances
• Explanation
• Leaders like Bahadur Shah Zafar (behind Mutinies
  from the beginning) to throw out British
• To see the events in the Merut (Bengal) region
  organize to get rid of Britain
• R. C Mhaumdar Mutinies Spontaneously occurred.
  so They lost momentums
• Theory
• oThere is no evidence
• Motive
• o Anti-colonialism
• o Anti-authoritarian
• o Anti-Britishism
• o Anti-Christan sentiments
• o
• What Revolt does in rural areas
• o It reflects dislocation of traditional
  patterns established by the British
• o Exploitation of land - the dislocation of
  traditional patterns of influence and the
  ownership of the soil land led to great deal of
  resentment

8
The Rise of Indian Nationalism (Sepoy Mutiny)

• Sepoy Mutiny
• ? Legacy
• o Generate martyrs
• o Failed but succeed in establishing the
  tradition of political resistance to British
  rule
• o Movement 1850-1885
• Beginning of Indian nationalism
• The Indian National Congress that met once a year
  had joined the effort to discuss Indian issues
• ? After 19c (after Sepoy mutiny)
• ? Increasing sense of identifying one another
• ? Highly elite group, economically prosperous
• ? Influenced by Western institutions
• British policy which
  produced this western institution had modeled
  democracy of enlightened rationalism. The British
  to be perceived to be fair and democratic
• ? Nation coming alive was the establishment of
  Indian national congress. A combination of
  processes of pressures as a result of Sepoi
  incident.
• ? National organization educational elite was
  becoming confident, and seeking political
  expression
• ? Nationalism is outcropping of different social
  organization that comes with capitalism new
  groups that requires self-expression
• ? The world changed its attitudes. Best interest
  of groups in Calcutta and Bombay in calcatta and
  Bombay land owners / zamiges. Western educated
  - liberal radical political ideas.

• Sepoy Mutiny
• ? Legacy
• o Generate martyrs
• o Failed but succeed in establishing the
  tradition of political resistance to British
  rule
• o Movement 1850-1885
• Beginning of Indian nationalism
• The Indian National Congress that met once a year
  had joined the effort to discuss Indian issues
• ? After 19c (after Sepoy mutiny)
• ? Increasing sense of identifying one another
• ? Highly elite group, economically prosperous
• ? Influenced by Western institutions
• British policy which
  produced this western institution had modeled
  democracy of enlightened rationalism. The British
  to be perceived to be fair and democratic
• ? Nation coming alive was the establishment of
  Indian national congress. A combination of
  processes of pressures as a result of Sepoi
  incident.
• ? National organization educational elite was
  becoming confident, and seeking political
  expression
• ? Nationalism is outcropping of different social
  organization that comes with capitalism new
  groups that requires self-expression
• ? The world changed its attitudes. Best interest
  of groups in Calcutta and Bombay in calcatta and
  Bombay land owners / zamiges. Western educated
  - liberal radical political ideas.

9
By the Late 19th Century

• ? Borgeor land owner classes begin to make their
  voices by taking on particular administrative
  jobs
• ? Began service in lower-level administrative way
• ? some of Indian press was sizable
• ? Literacy was growing
• ? The development of civil service was self
  propelling they were able to benefit from the
  system. Served their own indigenous population
• ? Machinery of the government
• o Less exclusive and less secret
• o Individuals engage in these institutions these
  bureaucracy local governments fed into National
  government
• o They were proto-nationalists, pre-nationalists
• o Some were directly associated with mutiny
• o Indian Government became more responsible
• Dadabhai Scheme Dadabhai Naoroji
• Dadabhai an early Indian political leader.
  Naoroji was a staunch moderate within the
  Congress, during the phase when opinion in the
  party was split between the moderates and
  extremists.
• By the time of his death in 1917, Naoroji was
  known as the 'Grand Old Man of India', a mentor
  to Mahatma Gandhi.

• Dadabhai Scheme concerted united actions within
  those who are responsible to reporting back to
  the national congress Coordination between
  cities
• ? Indian national congress had been the
  association which lead public resources - Hindu
  and Muslim relationship
• ? Dadabhai Naoroji
• Indian resources are drained (to Britain)
• ? Imperialism
• ? Great expectation (Gladstone Prime Minister
  of UK)
• ? Promoting local self government institute in
  India
• ? Ultimately Indians were disappointed
• ? Mid 80s Dadabhai general development lead to
  Indian national congress

• Social Reforms 1885-92
• o To promote industrialization locally
• o Education
• o Main concern was the preservation of
  dissatisfied crowd of Indians and British. which
  changed greatly with the advancement of WWI.
• WWI and after Hindu militancy and extreme
  politics against Muslim leagues
• Move towards unification
• o Rise of Gandhi (in next lecture)

• One of the leading figures from the british
  perspective
• ? Alan Octavian Hume
• ? National Congress should be formed
• ? Establishing the structure of the national
  congress
• ? Making it viable
• ? Sympathy for the congress
• ? Aware that British rule over India is danger
• ? Congress is a safety vow
• ? Based on Irish nationalism movement
• ? 70 representatives
• ? Hume7s model was from the Irish movement
  formulated by Gladstone (William Gladstone)
• ? The India national congress did move around the
  country
• ? There werent permanent secretariat
• ? Gave the maintaining the
• ? Support was significant ideas civil liberty,
  
• ? British umpiring role

10
Part 2Indian Nationalism Hindu Muslim
Extremist

• Presented By Leigh Anne

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De-colonization (1857)

• Jim Sallas (Historian)
• Idea of coming together
• Moving toward unity bases on nationalism
• Process
• Removing identitarian politics
• Removing racial labeling
• Indian National Congress emerge the opposition to
  this identitarian political perspective
• Moving to develop political enlightenment/
  National consciousness

12

• Opposition
• National Congress begins to take place
• Many aspects of society/regions within India were
  not happy with the inability to express their
  political views
• Internally the class structures represented
  within the Congress made the process of decisions
  making adhering to cultural essentialism
• Opposition developed in Indian society against
  the Indian National Congress or at least moved to
  change the internal and external make up of that
  congress
• Political challenges were make against local
  leaders
• Attempts to mobilize opinions and the use of
  symbols associated with that mobilization

13

• Tilak
• Re-established the cultural identity of the
  Indian peoples
• 1st time a voice for the identitarian perspective
  that was purely Indian
• Age of Consent Act
• Indian practice shouldnt be related to the
  British enlighten philosophers
• Thought there were no differences between the
  religious world and the daily life world
• Rhetoric of Blame
• Suggested that British were alienating and
  dividing the ordinary Indian

14

• Turn of the Century (1897-1900)
• A.Tripathi
• Argues that the extremists represented movements
  in direct opposition to the cultural Subagitation
  of the west
• Spiritually under going a threat on
  Christianity trying to re-enforce Hindi and
  Muslim heratage
• Boycotts, undeclared war between the people and
  the government,Boycotts of British goods and
  stores.
• Panic mode by 1906
• New party came into existence
• Moderates moving towards Swaraj (Self-Rule)
• Split in Indian politics
• 1911-movements by the Muslim population to have
  their voice and concerns heard
• Establishment of All Indian Muslim League
• One cause of De-colonization
• Petition of Pakistan in 1947
• Demoralized by the inactivity of the Indian
  National Congress
• Congress seen as a primarly Hindi organization
• Promoting Hindi interests and adopting British
  attitudes

15

• Muhammas Ali Jinnah
• First leader of the independent Pakistan
• Push to promote education among Muslims
• Need for Western Education to be able to compete
  for government positions and to be able to
  modernize
• Mix with the west
• Not just one Muslim view
• Need to regenerate Muslims
• Promote common unity/objective
• Muslims faced difficulty having to object
  democratic policy
• Always a minority
• Vote not helping their cause
• Hoping that Jinnah would adopt the view that they
  should agitate for the petition of the areas
• Increasing Extremist views
• Home Rule Leagues Movement

16

• A.Bissant
• 2 Tactics
• Try to get the British to concede to Home Rule
  for the Indians
• Trying to get the extremist back into the
  national organizations
• By 1914-15-Big support for Home Rule Perspective
• Once in jail, triggered great support
• Out of jail- totally lost control of the movement
  she was trying to establish
• Divisions instead of the coming together of views
• General atmosphere of discontent
• Gandhi
• New Leadership
• Indian Nationalism
• Special manor brought together many of the
  various sections of discontent
• In the inter-war years
• Very effective
• Tactics were well suited for and leading up to
  the de-colonization of India

17
Gandhism and the rise of Nehru 1917-1927

• Indian Nationalism Part 3
• By Corrie Tetterton

18
The Montford Reforms 1917, 1918, 1919

• Declaration by the British of their policies
• They mainly set up a diarchy
• Transferred certain areas of the government to
  the Indians, while keeping others reserved for
  the British
• Government of India Act
• Argued that there was still too much British
  control on the politicians

19
The Impact of War

• The strains of war further sharpened the
  differences between Indian British interests
• Decline in industry, heavy taxes war loans
• Army expanded expenditure increased
• Decreased standards of living
• Establishment of labor unions
• Strikes became popular
• Mass Awakening
• Soldiers brought back the soviet sense of a
  worldwide revolution and nationalism
• These things were important to Gandhis leading
  role in nationalism

20
The Appeal of Gandhi

• He saw himself as an ALL-Indian leader
• Saw Ahimsa (non-violence) as the goal for all
  humans
• Believed that life could be improved through
  village reconstruction
• Everything run at the local level
• Swadesih
• His simplicity won him over to many
• Used non-violent strikes
• At times the hunger strike proved effective

21
The British and Muslim Responses

• Rowllat Act 1919
• Limited civil rights of Indians who demonstrated
  during the war
• Added to social and economic problems
• British were brutal repressive
• Indians began winning the moral battle
• Muslims didnt want unity because they would be
  the minority
• Wanted to call off non-violence aspect
• Kept tensions high between the groups

22
The Emergence of Nehru

• By the early 20s Nehru had a sound position
• He mildly supported Gandhi
• The Chauri Chaura Incident 1922 tested the faith
  in non-violence
• A non-violent mass movement was becoming hard for
  Gandhi to control
• Living conditions were decreasing
• Peasants lost touch with leadership by 1927 there
  were more radical groups springing up
• Created more violence
• By 1927 Gandhi was withdrawing and Nehru was on
  the rise

23
Indian NationalismPart 4 The Impact of World War
II

• Years1945-1947
• Presented by Caroline McGough

24
Political Impact

• World War II led to a massive increase in
  popular movements
• Gandhi insisted that they should unite until the
  Pakistan crisis could be sorted out which was
  another effect politically.
• The political government meant that a center
  base, an Indian National Congress and Muslim lead
  Coalition, which center Indian energies in a more
  profitable channel.
• Nehru was the Key player in establishing the
  Indian Nation. He was the choice because he was
  not going to tolerate and he formally expelled
  the communist members in the congress of 1942.
  Though socialist, there was never any doubt of
  political ideology that Nehru would follow a
  moderate soft line.

25
Economic Impact

• There were growth in militant elements. There was
  a clear concern for resolution but there was no
  resolution found and a lot stayed the same like
  the hierarchy situation, which was another effect
  for the Indians, which indeed led to strikes.
• Indias freedom was put pressure on from the
  United States. They didnt want them to become
  communists and develop democratic institutions
  but lack of success of economic policies, the
  central plan that Nehru adopted would result in
  World War II.

26
Social Impact

• Key effects of World War II militarily for India
  were an increasing concern of Gandhi belief of
  loss of control of the international army.
• He was concerned that the Indians returning to
  India (the military that is) wanted Independence
  although they didnt create a national movement
  but a renewed enthusiasm for the military to put
  pressure on the system.
• In 1944 before the war, Gandhi had proposed talks
  with Jinnah (Muslim League) and certainly where
  Muslim majority would make India take a different
  course.
• Towards the end, Communist advances gained ground
  especially at Telengena. Another outcropping of
  the war was the Mount Batten Plan and created
  two Central Governments to complete Independence.

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Part 5 The Breakthrough

• Indian Nationalism The Transfer of Power
• 1939-1947
• Presented by Manas

28
World War II In The Foray

• Impact on Asia
• Nationalism
• Ambivalence Who Should India Support?
• Unified Opposition Against Nazism, Fascism,
  Colonialism
• Yet Against British Fighting For Freedom -
  Hypocrisy
• Principle of Nonviolence Under Gandhi Nehru
• Another Side Violence Under Subhash Chandra Bose
• His Indian National Army Supported the Axis
• Promise to Aid British Exchange for
  Independence
• British 1940 Declaration
• India initially forced into war under
• Army Rose from 205,000 to 2.5 million, the
  largest volunteer force in WWII Which fought
  against the Japanese

29
Quit India

• Gandhi Out Of and In of Congress
• Not going to be satisfied with anything short of
  independencedo or die. Gandhi (August 8, 1942)
• Quit India Resolution (August 8, 1942 All India
  Congress Committee in Bombay)
• Response to failed Stafford Cripps Mission in
  March
• Mass Civil Disobedience
• Shops suspended, telegraph wires cut, mailboxes
  burned, refusal to pay taxes, salt stopped, shops
  picketed, public meetings, rail reliance
  sabotage, buses and trams destroyed, offices
  raided
• The British Response 100,000s Arrests

• A Success?
• Movement Faded By 1943
• Britain Had Not Been Forced Out of India
• Sapped A Lot of the Political, Military,
  Economic Life-Force of the Empire
• Congress Lost Leaders and Influence
• Growth of Support for a Partition

Satyagraha Active, Non-Violent Persistence in
the Pursuit of Truth and Justice In The Face of
the Exercise of Alien or Unjust Authority. Paul
Brass
30
Keeping Their Word

• Indian Independence Act of 1947
• On June 3, 1947, Viceroy Lord Mountbatten
  Announced the Independenceand Partition of India
• 565 Different Princely States Would have to
  Accede to India
• The draft of the constitution was complete in
  1949, and first elections were held in 1952
• India was and still is the worlds largest
  democracy

• The British Raj of India shall be terminated on
  the midnight of August 15, 1947
• An independent dominion of India shall be created
  out of the United Provinces, Central Provinces,
  Bombay Presidency, Madras Presidency, the
  Carnatic, East Punjab, West Bengal, Assam and the
  Northeast Frontier Agency. The territories of the
  Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Lakshadweep
  Islands are also turned over to the Indian
  Dominion.
• An independent dominion of Pakistan shall be
  created out of the provinces of West Punjab, East
  Bengal, Baluchistan and Sindh.
• That all Indian princely states shall be released
  from their official commitments and treaty
  relationships with the British Empire, and will
  be free to join either dominion.
• Both Dominions will be completely self-governing
  in their internal affairs, foreign affairs and
  national security, but the British monarch will
  continue to be their head of state, represented
  by the Governor-General of India and a new
  Governor-General of Pakistan. Both Dominions
  shall convene their Constituent Assemblies and
  write their respective constitutions.
• Both Dominions will be members of the British
  Commonwealth, but free to leave whenever they
  please.
• The British monarch shall be permitted to remove
  the title of Emperor of India from the Royal
  Style and Titles. King George VI subsequently
  removed the title by Order in council on June 22,
  1948.

31
Why Give It Up?The British Perspective

• Ideological Inclinations to Grant Independence
• Economy in Great Britain in Dire Straits
• Growing Public Opinion Innenpolitik
• Losing Control in India
• Demoralized Troops
• Machiavellian Leave India Fragmented and in
  Chaos?

32
Continuity and Discontinuity

• Indian Independence An Evolution
• Indian Councils Act of 1861
• Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909
• Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919
• Govt of India Act of 1935
• Independence Act of 1947

• Continuity Through
• Keeping Federal Government
• Indian Civil Service ? Indian Administrative
  Service (Authority and Administration)

• Whats New?
• Fundamental Rights Explicitly Addressed
• Universal Adult Suffrage
• Actually Decided to Keep Some State Control on
  Economy
• Integrated Influence

Today All-pervasive instrumentalism that washes
away party manifestos, rhetoric, and effective
implementation of policies in an unending
competition for power, status, and profit. Paul
Brass

• The Conflict
• Can British-American Principles of Liberalism and
  Democracy Work Within the Framework of Indian
  Culture?
• Caste System
• General Electorate, Reserve Spots for Lower Caste
  Members, Special Privileges
• Issues With Women, Issues With Pakistan

Legacies? Through Postcolonialism, Government of
India Act of 1935, Nationalist Movement, Existing
Social Order, Tradition and Culture Preceding
English Rule
33
Part 6 Jawaharlal Nehru Presented By Jennifer

• Nehru was a major influence in organizing
  nationalist rebellions and spreading the
  popularity of the nationalist cause to India's
  minorities
• Gandhi was his mentor and agree with Gandhis way
  of thinking
• Jawaharlal became one of the most popular
  political leaders in northern India
• Hoped for social justice and equality
• Gained popularity with Muslims, women, and other
  minorities
• In 1924, he was elected president of the
  municipal corporation of Allahabad
• Served for 2 years as the citys chief executive
• Angered with the British and the corruption they
  caused
• So he resigned
• In the late 1920s, Nehru was elected president of
  the All India Trade Unions Congress
• Wanted political independence for India
• Gained popularity in the youth because of this
• In 1929, Nehru was elected as Congress President
  by the AICCI
• Gandhi like Nehru for his ideas in equality and
  because of his appeal to India's masses,
  minorities, women and youth
• Still surprised many that Nehru was elected
  instead of Gandhi or someone they believed was
  more suitable

34
Nehrus Leadership Grows

• Elections held in 1952
• First elections allowing universal male suffrage
  in India
• Nehru nominated by Working Committee
• Nehru became Indias first prime minister on
  August 15, 1947
• Nehru election surprised many people and became a
  source of controversy
• Believed that Indian society had become
  degenerated and that the causes of this
  degeneration lied deep within the structure of
  Indias society
• The heavy burden of the past crushes it. Nehru
• Felt India could catch up with the advancing
  Western nations and become once again a great
  nation

I am prime minister accidentally, if I may say
so, or in a sense in a non-political way. I was
thrust into politics because of the force of
circumstances, and not because of any free will.
And there I remain because of the circumstances
continued, and there I suppose, I shall remain
for some time more because it is difficult to
leave. Jawaharlal Nehru
35
Economic and Social Reform for India

• Social
• Nehru was a huge advocate for education in India
• Oversaw the establishment of many institutions of
  higher learning
• All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian
  Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of
  Management
• Included in his 5-year plan was a commitment for
  guaranteed free primary education to all of
  India's children
• Launched initiatives such as the provision of
  free milk and meals to children in order to fight
  malnutrition
• Adult education centers, vocational and technical
  schools were also organized for adults
• Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu
  law to criminalize caste discrimination and
  increase the legal rights and social freedoms of
  women
• Modernized Indian customs to allow women to get
  divorce and inherit property

• Economics
• Nehru applied his socialist vision by introducing
  a modified, "Indian" version of state planning
  and control over the economy
• Five Year Plan in 1951
• Charted the government's investments in
  industries and agriculture
• Nehru hoped for a mixed economy
• He perused land redistribution
• Programs to build irrigation canals, dams and
  spread the use of fertilizers to increase
  agricultural production were launched
• Program for nuclear energy was created so that
  India could advance
• Nehru's industrial policies encouraged the growth
  of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,
  yet state planning, controls and regulations
  impaired productivity, quality and profitability
• Succeeded in extending water and electricity
  supply, health care, roads and infrastructure to
  a large degree for India's vast rural population

36
Nehrus Foreign Policy

• Nehru pioneered the policy of non-alignment and
  co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations
  allowing neutrality between the rival blocs of
  nations led by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R
• Nehru sought to establish warm and friendly
  relations with the Peoples Republic of China
• Hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the
  gulf and tensions between the communist states
  and the Western bloc
• Tried to maintain close relationship with other
  nations that were emerging from the
  decolonization process into a non-militaristic
  grouping of their own
• Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse
  global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons
• In 1962, Chinese invasion of northeastern India
  exposed the weaknesses of India's military as
  Chinese forces came as far as Assam
• Forced to accept U.S military aid
• Nehrus health began to decline in 1963 and he
  suffered a stroke and a heart attack
• Died on May 27, 1964

37
Views of Nehru

• Criticism
• Nehru has been criticized for refusing to accept
  Vallabhbhai Patel as the Congress nominee to lead
  India's government
• For establishing an era of socialist policies
  that created a burgeoning, inefficient
  bureaucracy and curbed free enterprise and
  productivity while failing to significantly
  eliminate poverty, shortages and poor living
  conditions
• Also blamed for ignoring the needs of India's
  military services and failing to acknowledge the
  threat posed by the People's Republic of China
  and Pakistan

• Appraisement
• He is praised for creating a system providing
  universal primary education reaching children in
  the farthest corners of rural India
• Nehru is credited for establishing a widespread
  system of affirmative action to provide equal
  opportunities and rights for India's ethnic
  groups, minorities, and women
• Pioneering non-alignment and encouraging a global
  environment of peace and security amidst
  escalating Cold War tensions