HIS 116 Lesson

1
Lesson Two Weapons Proliferation

• Required Readings Pages 126-147

2
The Proliferation of Weapons

• Why?
• Competition for power results in advancements in
  military technology and the spread of new and
  more destructive weapons.
• Hobbesian Worldview Places the constant struggle
  for power and dominance at the center of
  international relations.

3
The Proliferation of Weapons

• Dominant powers
• Champion promoting nonproliferation.
• Generally remain devoted to developing more
  deadly weapons and giving those weapons to their
  allies.
• Resist global efforts to restrain their weapons
  sales.
• This undermines nonproliferation efforts.

4
The Proliferation of Weapons

• Focus of nonproliferation efforts
• Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).
• Nuclear Weapons.
• Chemical Weapons.
• Biological Weapons.
• Non-Weapons of Mass Destruction.
• Small Arms Light Weapons.
• Weapons that can be carried by an individual or
  transported in light trucks.
• Results in the deaths of nearly 300,000 people
  every year.
• Handguns, assault rifles, machine guns, grenade
  launchers, mortars, should fired missles.

5
The Proliferation of Weapons

• Focus of nonproliferation efforts
• Landmines Cluster Bombs.
• Cause widespread suffering after wars have ended.
• Thousands of innocent people are killed every
  year by these weapons.
• Both weapons used (deliberately) to inflict
  maximum physical damage and psychological terror.
• Ottawa Treaty (1997) Global ban on land mines.
• Many countries (including the United States)
  rejected banning these weapons.
• U.S. used cluster bombs during the 2003
  Invasion of Iraq.
• Israel used cluster bombs during its 2006 war
  with Lebanon.

6
The Proliferation of Weapons

• Conventional Weapons
• Regular weapons used in military conflict.
• Includes heavy artillery, missiles, tanks,
  aircraft, ships, submarines, and armored
  vehicles.
• Historically not a focus of nonproliferation
  efforts.
• Responsible for mass destruction in many
  countries.
• Highly lethal (mainly in the wrong hands).

7
The Proliferation of Weapons

• Reasons for the Proliferation of Weapons
• Superpower rivalry during the Cold War.
• Military burden-sharing.
• Superpowers provide weapons, technical
  assistance, and arms production technology to
  their allies.
• Nixon Doctrine Providing weapons to allies to
  enable them to provide for their own defense.
• Regional Balance of power.
• Political, Military, and Economic Influence.
• Self-Reliance.

8
The Proliferation of Weapons

• Reasons for the Proliferation of Weapons
• Authoritarian Regimes.
• Global criminal activities.
• Cultural beliefs.

9
Nuclear Proliferation

• July 16, 1945
• the bomb successfully tested near Alamogordo,
  New Mexico.
• August 6, 1945
• Little Boy
• Hiroshima, Japan (816am)
• 130,000 people killed/injured.
• August 9, 1945
• Fat Man
• Nagasaki, Japan (1101am)
• 100,000 people killed/injured.

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11
Nuclear Proliferation

• The Nuclear Age
• Revolutionized warfare.
• Humans now capable of destroying earth.
• United States and the Soviet Union arms race.
• Cold War
• Mutual Balance of Terror Neither the U.S. or
  the U.S.S.R. could use nuclear weapons on the
  other without catastrophic consequences.
• Mutual Assured Destruction Nuclear exchange
  would be suicidal.
• Britain (1952), France (1960), China (1964).

12
Nuclear Proliferation

• Areas of concern
• India and Pakistan.
• The Middle East.
• North Korea.

13
Chemical Biological

• Chemical Weapons
• Dispersed as gas, vapor, liquid, aerosol, or as a
  dusty agent.
• Categories of Chemical Weapons
• Checking Agents (Destroy lung tissue).
• Blood Agents (Toxins that damage cells).
• Blister Agents (Severe burns to skin and lungs).
• Nerve Agents (Disrupt nerve impulses).
• Agent Orange
• Toxic chemical spray.
• Defoliate forests (Remove leaves from (a tree,
  plant, or area of land), for agricultural
  purposes or as a military tactic.)

14
Chemical Biological

• Biological Weapons
• Composed of living micro-organisms and toxins
  that are capable of causing fatal diseases.
• Examples
• Smallpox.
• Plague.
• Hemorrhagic Fever.
• Anthrax.
• U.S. Project BioShield (Develop Anthrax
  vaccine)
• 1925 Geneva Protocol
• Treaty that prohibited the use of biological and
  chemical weapons in war.

15
Non-Proliferation Efforts

• Preventing the spread of weapons of mass
  destruction and other weapons.
• Clinton Administration 8 Ds of
  nonproliferation
• Dissuasion.
• Disarmament.
• Diplomacy.
• Denial.
• Defusing.
• Deterrence.
• Defenses.
• Destruction.

16
Major Nuclear Weapons Agreements

• Page 143.
• In Class Discussion
• You Decide page 143.
• Question 1 on page 145.
• Homework (due Friday)
• Complete the "You Decide" boxes on pages 127
  questions 2 and 5 on page 145.