Lesson Four

1
Lesson Four

• Inaugural Address
• J. F. Kennedy

2
Aims

• To know the features of a political speech.
• To analyze the structure of this address
• To appreciate the language features of Kennedys
  address
• To be acquainted with some English speeches

3
Teaching Contents

• J.F. Kennedy
• The characteristics of a political speech
• Detailed study of the text
• Organizational pattern
• Language features
• Exercises
• English speech

4
Time allocation

• John Kennedy (15 min.)
• The characteristics of a political speech (10
  min.)
• Detailed study of the text (100 min.)
• Structure analysis (15 min.)
• Language appreciation (15 min.)
• English speeches (25 min)

5
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• 4image-1,2,3
• Kennedy, 35th president, Democrat, was born on
  May 29 1917 in Brookline, Mass, the son of Joseph
  P. Kennedy, financier, who later became
  ambassador to Great Britain.
• He entered Harvard, received a BS from Harvard
  1940. He served in the Navy and won the Navy and
  Marine Corps Medal.

6
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• He wrote "Profiles in Courage", ?????which won
  a Pulitzer prize.
• 1947-1952 served as representative in the
  congress
• 1952 elected to the senate
• 1960 He won the Democratic nomination for
  president and defeated Richard M. Nixon,
  Republican

7
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• Kennedy family --- fully engaged in politics
• Joseph Patrick Kennedy -- father (1888-1969)
• US ambassador to Britain
• born in Boston
• graduated from Harvard

8
Joseph Patrick Kennedy

• 4image-4 Joseph Kennedy
• He engaged in
• banking
• shipbuilding
• investment banking
• motion-picture distribution
• a millionaire at 30 years old

9
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• 1. 35th President of the U.S.(1961-1963)
• 2. a democrat, an eloquent speaker
• 3. the youngest man ever elected to the
  presidency
• 4. born in Massachusetts, inherited a background
  of politics wealth and determination
• 5. a Catholic

10
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• 6. As president, he faced the Civil Rights
  problem at home and Cuba crisis of 1962.
• 7. His assassination at Dallas in November 1963
  was a shock from which the U.S. has found it hard
  to recover and the murder is still a riddle.
• www.usconstitution.com/ JohnKennedy.htm

11
Strange coincidences between President Lincoln
and President Kennedy

• Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in
  1846.John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in
  1946.Abraham Lincoln was elected President in
  1860.John F. Kennedy was elected President in
  1960.

12
Lincoln and Kennedy

• The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven
  letters.Both were particularly concerned with
  civil rights.Both wives lost their children
  while living in the White House.Both Presidents
  were shot on a Friday.Both were shot in the head.

13
Lincoln and Kennedy

• Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy.Kennedy's
  secretary was named Lincoln.Both were
  assassinated by Southerners.Both were succeeded
  by Southerners.Both successors were named
  Johnson.

14
Lincoln and Kennedy

• Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born
  in 1808.Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy,
  was born in 1908.John Wilkes Booth, accused of
  assassinating Lincoln, was born in 1839.Lee
  Harvey Oswald, accused of assassinating Kennedy,
  was born in 1939.

15
Lincoln and Kennedy

• Both assassins were known by their three
  names.Both names comprise fifteen letters.Booth
  ran from the theatre and was caught in a
  warehouse.Oswald ran from a warehouse and was
  caught in a theatre.Booth and Oswald were both
  assassinated before their trials.

16
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• contributions
• 1. His most important act was his successful
  demand on Oct.22. 1962 that the Soviet Union
  dismantle its missile bases in Cuba.
  4image-5map
• 2. He established a quarantine of arms shipments
  to Cuba and continued surveillance by air.

17
contributions

• 3. He defied Soviet attempts to force the Allies
  out of Berlin.4image-6,7,8
• 4. He made the steel industry rescind a price
  rise.

18
contributions

• 5. He backed
• agt civil rights
• bgt a mental health program
• cgt arbitration of railroad disputes
• dgt expanded medical care for the aged
• egt astronaut flights and satellite orbiting

19
Inauguration Day

• On January 20 since 1937
• On April 30,1789, George Washington stepped onto
  a balcony of Federal Hall in New York City,
  placed his hand on a Bible and swore to
  "preserve, protest and defend the constitution of
  the United States".

20
Inauguration Day

• He then read an earnest speech, calling for
  "united and effective government". Thus began a
  unique American institution --- Inauguration Day
  --- those dramatic hours when a new president
  faces the people for the first time. He must tell
  the people what he's going to do as
  president.4iamge-9

21
Inaugural Address

• Memorable words have been uttered in inaugural
  address. It is a speech, lecture officially made
  by a person on taking office.

22
the purpose of a political speech

• to persuade
• to explain
• to convince people
• to accept his point of view,
• to accept what he says so as to support
  him

23
Characteristics

• 1. The order is clear.
• Each para. has its own topic.
• 2. The tone is appropriate.
• He uses different tone to different people.

24
Characteristics

• 3. The style is rigid.
• It is made beforehand. So it is a sort of written
  language.
• 4. The language is rhetorical.
• parallelism, metaphor, antithesis, balanced
  structure, repetition of words and phrases ---
  for force, vividness and emotional appeal.

25
General analysis of a political speech

• 1. He must try every possible means to arouse the
  feelings of audience. What he says represents the
  interests of the whole people.
• successful appeal to the emotion of the audience

26
General analysis of a political speech

• 2. specific policy
• The speech must have high-sounding words and
  empty promises
• 3. The speech must be concise and short

27
General analysis of a political speech

• 4. clever-choice of words to convey different
  meanings/tones.
• 5. the use of biblical style to make it formal/
  rigid.
• 6. the use of a lot of rhetorical devices to make
  his address as powerful/ impressive as possible.

28
The social background

• In what period in history did Kennedy become
  president?
• in 1960's

29
The social background

• Cold war is sth. which marks the situation in
  1960's. The world is mainly divided into two
  hostile camps.
• 1) socialist camp -- headed by the Soviet Union
• 2) capitalist camp -- headed by the US
• The camps opposed each other politically.

30
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

• The text
• Kennedys address ??

31
Detailed study of the text

• Para1 opening paragraph
• importance / significance of his election as
  president of the US
• 1. observe
• 2. celebrate

32
freedom --

• We celebrate freedom. People in the US are free
  to choose their president.

33
antithesis

• end -- the end of Eisenhower's presidential term
• beginning -- the beginning of Kennedys
  presidential term
• renewal ---- the continuation of presidency and
  office of president
• change -- the change from Eisenhower to Kennedy

34
as well as

• --- well balanced structure in Para.1

35
solemn

• --- refer almost exclusive to an extremely
  formal and inspiring religious ritual. ( grave )
  very serious.
• a oath ?????
• a dedication to the cause of freedom
  ?????????????

36
prescribe --- set down / impose

• What punishment does the law prescribe for this
  crime?
• Government schools must work for a prescribed
  number of days each year.
• Good citizens do what the laws prescribe.
• Someone who behaves as foolishly as you have no
  right to prescribe how others should behave.

37
Para.2

• the general situation of this world
• topic sentence --- The world is very different.
• In what way is the world different?
• The world is different in the way of science and
  technology. People have modern and advanced
  science and technology.

38
the power --

• the power of science and technology
• with the help of science and technology
• 1. People can become very rich.
• 2. People can be exterminated.
• Science can be used to get rid of poverty.
• Science can be used to destroy all human beings.

39
revolutionary belief ---

• human rights
• All men were created equal and God had given them
  certain unalienable rights which no state or
  ruler could take away from them.
• see Note 3

40
generosity, benevolence, good will, kindness,
unselfishness

• These words refer to a well wishing friendliness
  or concern for the needs and desires of other
  people.

41
benevolence

• It has the widest range of any of these words
• suggesting an expansive and good-humored
  tolerance and sympathy for others
• ???????????
• Working conditions were sought as a right, not as
  a of their employer.
• ????????????,?????????

42
generosity ---

• focuses exclusively on the aspect of giving
• referring to an unstintingly helpful act or habit
• the generosity with which he shared his toys with
  other children

43
??

• benevolence -- an unacted-upon feeling
• generosity -- actual behavior
• eg. He was a plantation owner who looked on his
  slaves with benevolence but could hardly be
  accused of treating them with generosity.
• ??????????????????????????????

44
good will

• good will --- referring primarily to feeling
• kindness --- to action
• He insisted that he wanted only her good will,
  not her kindness.
• ?????????,??????(??)?

45
unselfishness --

• point to a generosity that is based on a lack of
  self-concern , where generosity may emphasize the
  quantity given, possibly for ostentatious
  reasons, unselfishness stress the effacing
  personal sacrifice required --- even if a lessen
  amount is given.
• ????????????????

46
unselfishness --

• It was the tax deduction involved, rather than
  unselfishness, that prompted his generosity to
  the charity drive.
• ????????????????????????????

47
at issue ---

• undecided , in dispute
• The point at issue is whether you are willing to
  go abroad or not .
• That is not the point at issue.
• without issue
• to die without children
• He died without issue.

48
Para.3

• general policy of the US
• human rights

49
torch

• This refers to the privilege and burden of
  leading the nation being passed to a new
  generation. The original reference is to the
  Olympic games before which a torch is carried
  from runner to runner. The flame of the torch
  eventually lights a fire that signals the opening
  of Olympics.

50
torch ---- metaphor

• duty
• revolution
• responsibility --- of keeping human rights

51
heritage

• --- all the qualities, traditions or features of
  life that have been continued over many years and
  passed on from one generation to another, used
  especially to refer to things that are of
  historical importance or that have had a strong
  influence on society.

52
heritage

• Peking opera is part of our cultural heritage.
• This building is part of British national
  heritage.

53
inheritance ---

• 1. money or property which you receive from
  someone who is dead
• 2. a situation or state of affairs which has been
  influenced by a particular event, person, book
  etc.(heritage)

54
commit ---

• commit oneself to (doing) sth
• be committed to sth/ doing sth --- promise/
  pledge to do /support sth
• Allan has been committed to staying there for a
  long time.

55
commit --

• He has been committed to equal rights for women.
• Deeply committed to his religion, he has often
  spoken out against greed and misuse of power.
• Nobody committed themselves to a definite answer.

56
general policy of the US

• People in the US must keep and defend human
  rights not only in the US but also in the world
  as well.
• Para.4 strong determination
• Kennedy puts the US to the leader, so he says in
  order to keep human rights, we shall....

57
survival and the success of liberty

• 1. the survival and the success of "free
  democratic countries".
• 2. the newly independent third world countries

58
Para 5. transition

• A one sentence paragraph that functions as a
  transition from the general to the specific. In
  the following paragraphs he will be addressing
  different specific groups of nations. This much
  we promise to do and we promise to do more.

59
Para. 6

• the specific policy toward his friends and
  would-be friends

60
allies ---

• ally. Britain, Canada, New Zealand, Australia,/
  West European countries
• a country that has a treaty or an agreement to
  help and support another country, esp. during a
  war.

61
allied --- adj.

• the Allied and Associated Powers
• ??? WWI
• the Allied Military Government
• ?????? WWII

62
cultural and spiritual origins ---

• 1. speak the same language /belong to the some
  language family
• 2. have the same religious belief

63
antithesis --

• United we can do everything.
• Divided we can do nothing.
• --- the importance of unity

64
a powerful challenge --

• a strong, powerful threat posed by the socialist
  camp
• If we are quarreling and split apart, we can not
  compete with the strong, powerful enemy in front
  of us.

65
Para. 7

• Whom did he address?
• --- some newly independent countries

66
Para. 7

• 1) He promises to aid (support) the newly
  independent countries so that they can remain
  free and independent.

67
ranks of the free --

• the community of free and independent nations
• a far more iron tyranny --- a communist
  dictatorship
• "riding the back of a tiger" --
• Compare "seeking the aid of socialist countries"
  to "riding he back of a tiger"

68
Para. 7

• 2) Those countries which foolishly seek the aid
  of socialist countries will end up by losing
  their independence as many other countries did in
  the past.
• It is dangerous to ride the back of the tiger. If
  you do, you will be swallowed up by the tiger.
• You will lose your power and independence .

69
Para 8

• Whom did he address?
• the developing countries
• half the globe --
• the continents of Africa and Asia constitute
  almost one half of the land surface of the globe.

70
bonds -- chains, fetters (pl)

• 1. chains, ropes that are used to tie down a
  prisoner
• 2. (fig) a feeling, duty or custom that forces
  you to behave in a particular way

71
help them help --

• We pledge to help them on condition that they do
  their best and do what we ask them to do.

72
Para. 9

• He is speaking to Latin American countries.
• Usually the US regards the Latin American
  countries as the backyard of the US, for it has
  special interest in these countries.

73
sister --

• careful choice of word, implying equal
  relationship, one family
• mutual good relations
• peaceful revolution a new alliance for progress

74
prey -- metaphor

• comparing "peaceful revolution" to an animal
  which might fall victim to enemy nations.
• We will not allow any enemy country to subvert
  this peaceful revolution which brings hope of
  progress to all our countries.

75
Para. 9

• 1. He offered special pledge that all Latin
  American countries to work together to make
  progress.
• 2. He warned the enemies not to interfere in the
  internal affairs of these countries, because we
  are master of this hemisphere.

76
Para.10

• He is addressing the United Nations.
• The UN is our last and best hope of survival in a
  world where the instruments of war have far
  surpassed and exceeded the instruments of peace.

77
Para.10

• instruments of war-- weapons, bombs, for waging
  wars
• instruments of peace -- machines, tools for
  producing goods

78
Para.10

• 1) to prevent the UN from becoming an assembly
  where people just criticize, insult and abuse
  each other
• 2) to strengthen the power of UN to protect the
  newly independent and weak nations
• 3) to enlarge the area in which its authority and
  mandate would continue to be in effect or in force

79
Para.11

• He is speaking to the enemies, especially the
  Soviet Union.

80
make themselves our adversary --

• clever choice of words
• This phrase throws the blame for confrontation
  and world tension on the other party. The US has
  done nothing to create enemies. It's the other
  side that is challenging the US.

81
not pledge -- not promise

• but a request -- but asking the other side to
  consider his proposal
• 1) point out danger
• danger-- self destruction ( the Third World War)
• Advanced weapons will destroy the whole mankind
• whether intentionally or accidentally

82
Para.11

• anew -- again, in a new or different way
• quest -- a search or attempt to find
• The quest for gold was long and difficult.
• engulf -- (of the earth, the sea) to destroy by
  swallowing up
• The stormy sea engulfed the small boat.

83
Para.12

• 2) point out position of strength
• We must be very strong. If we are weak, they
  would attract us. We dare not be weak because it
  might tempt the enemy to take rash actions.
• tempt -- attract
• The warm sun tempted us to go swimming.
• a tempting meal

84
Para.13

• 3) point out needs / situation (find no comfort
  in present situation)
• cold war / hostile confrontation
• a) Both sides are feeling the great financial
  burden of the arms race.
• b) Both are made conscious of the gradual spread
  of the terrible atom bombs.

85
Para.13

• c) Both sides are trying to change this uncertain
  balance of this terrible military power which
  restrains / prevent each group from launching the
  Third World War.

86
Para.14-18

• 4) point out co-operation / different proposals
• trying to find out specific field in which we can
  agree with each other.

87
sincerity is always subject to proof --

• One's sincerity must be proved by facts. People
  may say or promise all kinds of things but they
  must be proved by deeds.

88
subject to

• depending on ???,??,?????
• They have authority to decide, subject to the
  minister's approval.
• The treaty is subject to ratification. ??,??
• The plan is subject to confirmation.

89
belabor

• set upon with too much talk or advice ??
• If you belabor a point in a discussion or
  explanation, you keep talking about it or
  emphasizing it in a boring way.
• There is no need to belabor the point.

90
formulate -- work out

• If you formulate sth such as a plan or proposal,
  you invent it, thinking about the details
  carefully.
• 1. We had formulated our own strategy.
• 2. Both sides have the need to formulate a policy
  that will promote rather than hinder peace.

91
inspection of arms --

• examining/ watching over carefully the limitation
  of arms
• absolute --- without limit
• absolute -- complete

92
tap the ocean depths

• --- draw upon or make use of the wealth that lies
  deep in the oceans
• mine the ocean beds for valuable metals etc.

93
heed

• give attention to
• She didn't heed my warnings.

94
"undo the heavy burdens..."

• A Biblical quotation is used in keeping with his
  biblical style in keeping his Catholic
  upbringing.

95
What are the specific proposals?

• 1. control arms
• 2. use /develop science for peace purpose instead
  of the war purpose.
• explore the stars
• conquer the desert
• eradicate disease
• tap the ocean depths
• encourage the art and commerce
• 3. enjoy human rights

96
Para.19

• point out purpose, object
• We must work together to make a new world order.
• strong are just -- The strong nations do not
  bully the weak.
• weak secure -- The weak nations feel safe.

97
Para.20 conclusion

• one hundred days -- historical allusion,
• famous period in American history, in President
  F.D. Roosevelt's presidential term

98
one hundred days

• During the famous hundred days ( Mar-Jun.
  1933), Roosevelts administration rushed through
  congress a flood of anti-depression measures
  (more than 70 bills for approval), which were
  generally known as Roosevelts New Deal. ??
  4image-10,11

99
New Deal

• Roosevelt ??.doc

100
one hundred days

• Bills
• Banking Act ???
• '' National Industrial Recovery Act"
• ???????
• "Agricultural Adjustment Act"
• ?????
• The proposals can not be completed in a short
  time, but let's try and begin.

101
Para.21-27

• He appeals to his fellow Americans to support him
  and to do everything they can, even to sacrifice
  their lives for their country.

102
Para.21-27

• past --- Many Americans died for their country.
  They showed their loyalty to their country.
• present --- Now our generation is called upon to
  face the challenge of the cold war, to struggle
  against poverty and disease.

103
Para.21-27

• twilight struggle --- not clear, abstract,
• Tyranny, poverty, disease and cold wars are not
  bloody wars.

104
rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation

• ---????,????
• biblical language
• to be happy when things look bright and hopeful
• to be patient in distress/ in trouble

105
Para.23

• Rhetorical questions are more forceful.

106
assure ---

• make sth. certain to happen
• try to cause sb to believe or trust in sth.
• to protect against death through money
• This will assure your comfort.
• The only way to assure success is to work hard.
• One more try will assure victory.
• Nothing can assure permanent happiness.

107
assure ---

• sb. that ---
• The captain of the ship assured the passengers
  that there was no danger.
• I assure you this medicine cannot harm you

108
ensure ---

• 1) make sb. certain to get sth
• This medicine will ensure you a good night's
  sleep.
• 2) try to cause to believe
• I tried to ensure that everybody understood the
  instruction.
• I can't ensure that he will be there in time.

109
insure

• protect against loss of money , life, goods etc
  through money (by insurance)
• My house is insured against fire and theft.
• The company will insure your house against fire.
• He has insured himself for 2000.

110
insure

• assure sth
• assure sb. that --
• ensure sb sth
• ensure that ---

111
para. 24

• emphasizing the situation and responsibility
• He tries to arouse American people's emotions by
  saying you must be very proud and glorious, for
  you are born in this time and you are given such
  a great duty.

112
para. 24

• He deliberately exaggerates the sense of urgency
  and he wants to make people feel that they are
  sacrificing for an important and glorious cause.

113
para. 24

• freedom in its hour of maximum danger
• We are in the greatest danger of losing freedom

114
para. 24

• the energy the faith the devotion light, fire,
  glow
• The energy, the faith and the devotion that the
  Americans bring to this task will inspire not
  only the United States and her people but also
  the whole world.

115
para 27 conclusion

• ask of inquire of (formal)
• (of sb) demand
• us ---- the president and members of his cabinet
• you -- people of the US and the world

116
para 27 conclusion

• We demand you to show high standards of strength
  and sacrifice and we also want you to demand us
  to show the same high standards of strength and
  sacrifice.

117
"with a good conscience... "

• Our reliable reward is only a good conscience.

118
"with history the final...."

• History will finally judge whether we have done
  our task well or not.

119
para 27 conclusion

• With God's blessing and help, let us start
  leading the country we love, knowing that on
  earth what we are doing is God's work (which is
  just)

120
Organizational Pattern

• 4 sections.
• Sect.1. para.1-5 with para5 as a transition
• Introduction , the general statement of the basic
  policy of the US
• "We shall pay any price,....."

121
Organizational Pattern

• Sect.2 para.6-10
• He addresses different groups of allied nations
  and would-be allied nations friends and would-be
  friends.

122
Organizational Pattern

• Sect.2 para.6-10
• His specific policy towards them.
• 1. the allies
• 2. the newly independent countries
• 3. the developing countries
• 4. the Latin American countries
• 5. the UN

123
Organizational Pattern

• Sect.3 para.11-20
• His specific policy toward the enemy.
• 1. point out the danger
• 2. point out he position of strength

124
Organizational Pattern

• 3. point out the situation and need.
• Both sides feel uneasy.
• a) Both sides are overburdened with the cost of
  modern weapons.
• b) Both sides are anxious with the wide spread
  arms.
• c) Both sides try to change the uncertain
  balance of military power.

125
Organizational Pattern

• Proposals
• 1. control arms
• 2. use science for peace purpose
• 3. enjoy human rights
• Object
• --- to make a new world order

126
Organizational Pattern

• Sect 4 para.21-27
• conclusion
• He calls on the Americans to support him and to
  sacrifice their lives for their country. He calls
  on the people of the whole world to unit and work
  for the freedom of men.

127
Language features

• specific comment on the speech
• Kennedy was an eloquent speaker. He is specially
  trained. This speech is very powerful and
  wonderful. He lays his emphasis on the successful
  appeals to the emotion of the listeners.
• well organized
• highly rhetorical

128
Language features

• 1. highly rhetorical ---parallelism, antithesis,
  metaphor, simile, metonymy, hyperbole,
• 2. invoking the name of God, the use of biblical
  style
• 3. the use of key abstract words
• faith, devotion, freedom, liberty, courage,
  loyalty, belief
• These abstractions are impossible to define
  precisely.

129
Language features

• 4. the use of heroic-sounding verbs
• explore, conquer, dare, --- which are inspiring
  and emotional.
• 5. more repetition in the structure of paras,
  which gives the address a certain rhythm.

130
fatal deadly mortal lethal

• fatal ---- It stresses inevitability and actual
  result of death, destruction and disaster
• Many fatal diseases have been prevented by
  cleanliness and the proper medicine.
• ?????????????,???????????
• This piece of news was fatal to his political
  future.
• ?????????????

131
fatal deadly mortal lethal

• mortal ---It implies that death has occurred or
  is certain to occur.
• All men are mortal beings.
• She suffered from a mortal disease.

132
fatal deadly mortal lethal

• deadly -- It implies an extremely high degree of
  probability rather than a certainty of death
• Both of the great and powerful groups of nations
  are alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly
  atom.
• ??????????????????????????
• A gun is a deadly weapon .??????????

133
fatal deadly mortal lethal

• deadly -- It implies an extremely high degree of
  probability rather than a certainty of death
• Both of the great and powerful groups of nations
  are alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly
  atom.
• ??????????????????????????
• A gun is a deadly weapon .??????????

134
fatal deadly mortal lethal

• lethal --- It implies the existence of sth is the
  condition of the cause of death.
• Cyanide is a lethal poison.
• ????????????
• a weapon ??
• gas ?????

135
faithful loyal constant staunch resolute

• faithful---
• It implies a firm and unswerving adherence to a
  person or thing to whom or to which one is united
  by some ties as marriage, friendship, honor, or
  allegiance.
• ????,??,??,??????????????

136
faithful loyal constant staunch resolute

• faithful---
• He has been a faithful friend to me for many
  years
• ??????????????
• A husband should be faithful to his wife.

137
faithful loyal constant staunch resolute

• loyal ---
• It refers faithful to one's pledged word or to
  the country, the leader, the institution or the
  principle to which one feels oneself mortally
  bound.
• ????,?????????,??,??????????
• We are loyal to our beautiful country.
• He is loyal to his cause.

138
faithful loyal constant staunch resolute

• constant --- means unchanging faith to love or
  cause.???,?????,??
• We are constant to the communist
  ideals.??????????????
• He has been constant in his devotion to
  scientific studies.
• ????????????
• She is constant to love.?????????

139
faithful loyal constant staunch resolute

• staunch --
• indicates loyal or firm to political belief and
  religious belief
• ???,??????????????????
• Mary is a staunch Christian. ????????????
• He is a staunch supporter of his political party.
  ?????????????

140
faithful loyal constant staunch resolute

• resolute --
• steadfastness and emphasize the determination
  which cannot be broken down as a quality of
  character. ????????
• He was resolute in his decision to give up
  smoking.
• The soldiers are resolute for victory. ??????????

141
English Speech

• Many people emphasize the 3Ss in English speech
• Stand up
• Say what you have to say
• Sit down

142
English Speech

• Three ways to make a speech
• memorized speech
• extempore speech (notes)
• impromptu speech

143
English Speech

• Speech must by informative
• appealing
• entertaining
• Basic organization
• introduction
• the main body
• conclusion

144
How to deliver a speech?

• Show good manners (clothes, posture etc)
  natural
• Dont deliberately beat about the bush
• I dont know how to speak.
• Being asked so abruptly to speak. I feel very
  nervous. I dont have any preparations.

145
How to deliver a speech?

• Thats a waste of time. If you must express your
  feeling of excuse, you only need to say
• I am not much of a public speaker.
• I feel there is no way I can get out of making
  a speech.

146
How to deliver a speech?

• 3.When you make a mistake, you dont need to say
  excuse me. Only well, let me see what I
  mean is will do.
• Dont scratch your head.
• Dont stick your tongue out.

147
How to deliver a speech?

• 4. All speeches may be started by Ladies and
  Gentlemen if on a rather formal occasion , you
  should first say Mr. Chairman and then Ladies
  and Gentlemen

148
Welcome

• 1. Welcome to China.
• 2. We are delighted to see you again.
• 3. It is my special pleasure to welcome you all
  here today.

149
Welcome

• 4. I take great pleasure in bidding you all a
  hearty welcome to our company.
• 5. On behalf of all my fellow students, I wish to
  say a word of hearty welcome to you.
• 6. The fist thing that I would like to say to Mr
  Wang is a hearty welcome home.

150
Congratulations

• 1. Let me congratulate you on your success.
• 2. Its my great pleasure (privilege) to say a
  word of congratulation to you.
• 3. I am truly happy to speak for all of us in
  congratulating Miss Wang, the winner of the
  contest.

151
Congratulations

• 4. On behalf of the faculties of our school, I
  want of take this opportunity to extend our
  heartfelt congratulations to you on your stunning
  victory in the speech contest.
• 5. You are to be congratulated for your constant
  efforts.

152
Wedding ceremony

• To bridegroom ---- congratulations
• To bride --- I wish you much happiness.
• We are gathered here today to celebrate the
  wedding of my best friend, Wang Hua and his
  wonder bride

153
Wedding ceremony

• We are here to witness the union of two lives in
  marriage.
• Im sure everyone here joins me in wishing you
  two, the very best that life has to offer you in
  your marriage.
• I will conclude by congratulating the young
  couple on their marriage, and wishing them a long
  life of happiness together.

154
Wedding ceremony

• I wish to conclude my speech with a prayer for
  the continued happiness of the newly married
  couple.
• Allow me to conclude my brief speech by wishing
  the bride and bridegroom all happiness and the
  best luck for the future.

155
Holidays

• Of course, everybody knows what day it is today.
  We are here today toe celebrate the Spring
  Festival.
• Im pleased and honored toe stand before you
  today on this most beautiful of holidays,
  Mothers Day.

156
Holidays

• Merry Christmas
• Happy New Year.
• Happy Thanksgiving.
• Thank you for your kind invitation to join with
  you in this wonderful Thanksgiving celebration.

157
Holidays

• Its a great honor for me to speak to you all
  here tonight at this New Year party.
• Let me begin by saying A happy New Year to all
  of you and especially to Mr. Smith, our guest of
  honor.

158
Contest

• Welcome to the finals of the speech contest.
• Welcome and thanks toe our judges.
• Its a great pleasure for me to declare open the
  contest.
• Now lets begin and lets all give the
  participant our support!

159
Contest

• Allow me to conclude by once more thanking the
  judges for their kind cooperation and by wishing
  each of the participants the very best of luck.
• Thank you all for coming, and well look forward
  to seeing you next year at he next contest.

160
School activity

• Speaking for all of us, I have to say that we are
  full of excitement for the future and gratitude
  for the chance given us to study.
• This is the day to mark the end of our studies
  and the beginning of a new life for all of us.

161
School activity

• Im sure that we will all be interested in
  hearing the latest of what is happening at our
  school.
• Now, looking bock over those four years, I cant
  imagine how the time went by so quickly.

162
Speech at a teachers birthday

• Dear Miss Walker,
• All of he students here want to wish you
  the happiest of birthdays and many more toe come
  in the future. We know that it must be a little
  difficult for you to have to celebrate a birthday
  in a foreign country, but we hope you will have a
  good time today.

163
Speech at a teachers birthday

• We have brought this present for you and we
  hope you will keep it for may years to come. It
  is a cork carving, famous throughout the world,
  and we want you to think of China, and especially
  us, whenever you look at it.

164
Speech at a teachers birthday

• Today, we know you are 35 years old, but we
  wonder about it. Many times, you seem to be as
  young as us, your students, in your attitudes and
  in your actions. We always feel so close to you
  because you seem to be one of us. I hope that
  when I am 35 I will seem as young as you do today.

165
Speech at a teachers birthday

• We didnt know very well what type of food
  t serve at an American birthday party, and we
  know you love Chinese food, so we decided to make
  Chinese food for you today instead of American
  food. This is truly an international birthday
  party. Please sit down with us now and eat and
  think and have a good time. Later, we are all
  going to stand up sing happy birthday to you
  and we really mean it.

166
Exercises

• Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Western
  European countries
• May new nations in Africa, newly independent
  countries are
• The Republic of Central Africa
• The Peoples republic of the Congo
• The Gabon Republic (??)
• The Republic of Ghana (??)
• The republic of Chad (??)
• The Republic of Dahowmey ??? (??)

167
Paraphrase

• 1.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to
  maintain that all men were created equal and god
  had given them certain unalienable rights which
  no state or ruler could take away from them. But
  today this issue has not yet been decided in many
  countries around the world.

168
Paraphrase

• 2. This is much we promise to do and we promise
  to do more.
• 3. United and working together we can accomplish
  a lot of things in a great number of joint
  undertakings.

169
Paraphrase

• 4. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert
  this peaceful revolution which will bring hope of
  progress to all our countries.

170
Paraphrase

• 5.The United Nations is our last and best hope of
  survival of liberty. Now the instruments for
  waging war have far surpassed and exceeded the
  instruments for peace purpose.
• 6.To help the U.N. enlarge the area in which its
  authority and order may continue to be in effect.

171
Paraphrase

• 7. Before the terrible force of destruction,
  which science can now release, which may be
  planned or brought about by accident, takes
  place.
• 8. Let both nations are trying to change as
  quickly as possible this uncertain balance of
  terrible military power which restrains each
  group from launching mankinds final war.

172
Paraphrase

• 9. So let us start once again to discuss and
  negotiate and let us remember that being polite
  is not a sign of weakness.
• 10.Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful
  things that science can do for mankind instead of
  the frightful thing it can do.

173
Paraphrase

• 11. Each generation of Americans have been called
  upon to prove their loyalty to their countrys
  cause.

174
Paraphrase

• 12.With Gods blessing and help, let us start
  leading the country we love, knowing that on the
  earth what we are doing is Gods job. Let the
  history finally judge whether we have done our
  task well or not, but our sure reward will be a
  good conscience, for we will have worked
  sincerely and to the best of our abilities.