Ch.3 THE BIOSPHERE

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Ch.3 THE BIOSPHERE

• CPI Biology
• Tyska
• Holliston HS

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3-1 What is Ecology?Interactions and
Interdependence

• ________________ study of interactions between
  organisms and surroundings
• ________________ the entire planet in which all
  life exists
• land, water, air atmosphere
• 8km above Earth 11km below ocean surface

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Levels of Organization

• ______________________ group of organisms that
  breeds and produces fertile offspring
• _______________________ groups of a species
  living in the same area
• ______________________ different populations
  living in the same area
• _______________________ organisms in a place,
  along with nonliving environment
• _______________________ group of ecosystems
  within the same climate

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Ecological Methods

• Scientists conduct modern ecological research to
  study the living world using three basic
  approaches
• ______________ (ex)What species live here?
• ______________ used to test hypothesis
• ______________ make models to study complex
  phenomena (ex) global warming predictions from
  models tested further

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3-2 ENERGY FLOWMajor factor determining an
ecosystems ability to sustain life

• PRODUCERS
• _________________ main energy source for life on
  Earth (only lt1 used!)
• ___________________ORGANISMS rely on energy
  stored in inorganic compounds (instead of sun
  energy)
• _____________________________ (aka producers)
  use sun energy or chemical energy to make their
  own food

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Energy from the Sun
light energy
6 H2O 6CO2
6O2 C2H12O6
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Oxygen
Glucose
OVERALL EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
A process in which autotrophs take in light
energy and convert CO2 water into O2
carbohydrates. (ex) _________________________
_____________________________
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Life Without Light

• _________________________ chemical energy used
  to make carbohydrates carried out by autotrophs
  that make food without light

CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA that live in the deep sea
vents use sulfur compounds as a source of energy
to make food.
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Consumers

• ________________(aka consumers) acquire energy
  and food from other organisms many different
  types
• _______________________ eat plants (ex)
  cows/deer
• _______________________ eat animals (ex)
  snakes/dog
• _______________________ eat both (ex)
  humans/bears
• _______________________ eat dead matter
  (detritus) (ex) earthworms/crabs
• _______________________ break down organic
  matter (ex) bacteria/fungi

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Feeding Relationships

• ___________________ moves in one direction in an
  ecosystem
• Sun or inorganic compounds ? autotrophs ?
  heterotrophs
• ______________RELATIONSHIP organisms connected
  by networks based on who eats whom
• ______________________ series of steps where
  organisms transfer energy by eating or being
  eaten

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FOOD CHAINS

• shows _______-way flow of energy in an ecosystem
• energy passed from producers to four different
  groups of consumers

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Food Webs Trophic Levels

• _____________________ feeding relationships
  among various organisms in an ecosystem that
  links all the food chains together
• _______________________ each step in a food
  chain
• 1ST LEVEL producers
• 2ND , 3RD, 4TH, LEVELS consumers

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A Food Web in a Salt Marsh

• Producers algae, pickle weed, marsh grass
• Herbivores mussel, zooplankton, sandhopper,
  grasshopper, mouse
• 1st Level Carnivore heron, fish, clapper rail,
  shrew, mouse
• Top-Level Carnivore marsh hawk

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Ecological Pyramids

• Diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy
  or matter contained within each trophic level in
  a food chain or food web three different types
• ___________ PYRAMID
• ___________ PYRAMID
• PYRAMID OF ________

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1) ENERGY PYRAMID

• _________ of energy from one trophic level is
  transferred to next trophic level

Most energy is used by organisms for life
processes like movement, reproduction
respiration.
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2) BIOMASS PYRAMID

• __________ total amount of living tissue within
  a given trophic level
• Represents amount of potential food available for
  each trophic level in an ecosystem

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3) PYRAMID OF NUMBERS

• represents number of individual organisms at each
  trophic level (ex) meadow ecosystem
• EXCEPTIONS! A forest ecosystem has more
  consumers than producers ? numbers would not be
  in a pyramid shape!

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3-3 CYCLES OF MATTER

• Recycling in the Biosphere
• Organisms need more than energy to livefour
  elements make up gt95 ___________________________
  _
• BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES recycling of elements,
  chemical compounds and other forms are matter
  between organisms (ex) the water cycle

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THE WATER CYCLEAll organisms need water to live!!

• ON LAND ground water, runoff, rivers, streams,
  lakes, oceans ? enters plants through roots
• IN THE ATMOSPHERE water enters the air as water
  vapor via
• ________________________ process where water
  changes from liquid to gas
• ________________________ water evaporation from
  leaves of plants

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The Water Cycle
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THE WATER CYCLE

• AND THE BACK TO EARTH!! water vapor returns to
  the land
• ____________________ process where water vapor
  condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds
• ____________________ water in the form of rain,
  snow, sleet, or hail
• The cycle begins anew

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NUTRIENT CYCLES

• ___________________ all the chemical substances
  that an organism needs to sustain life
• Three Types of Nutrient Cycles that pass
  recycle elements between organisms
• _____________ cycle
• _____________ cycle
• _____________ cycle

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1) THE CARBON CYCLE

• Why is Carbon so important?
• It is a key element in living tissue (skeleton),
  rocks, the atmosphere (CO2), and in
  photosynthesis respiration
• _________IN THE ATMOSPHERE from
• volcanic activity
• respiration
• human activities mining, burning fossil fuels,
  burning forests

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The Carbon Cycle
CO2 in Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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THE CARBON CYCLE

• CARBON ON LAND
• CaCO3 calcium carbonate found in animal skeleton
  in rocks
• decomposition of organic matter ? conversion into
  coal fossil fuels
• plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis to make
  carbohydrates ? passed to consumers in food webs
• CARBON IN THE OCEAN
• found in ocean as dissolved CO2
• CaCO3 calcium carbonate found in marine organisms
• erosion of rocks into ocean

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THE NITROGEN CYCLE

• Why is Nitrogen so important?
• It is needed to make amino acids which are then
  used to make proteins.
• NITROGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE
• Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78 of atm.
• _____________________________ conversion of
  nitrates into nitrogen gas by soil bacteria
  (return N2 to air)

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The Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmos.
NO3- and NO2-
NH3
The Nitrogen Cycle
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THE NITROGEN CYCLE

• NITROGEN ON LAND
• Ammonia (NH3), nitrates (NO3-) and nitrites
  (NO2-) found in waste products dead, decaying
  matter
• Human activity nitrates in plant fertilizers
• __________________________ the ability of
  bacteria that live on plant roots to convert
  nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia ?
  then converted to nitrates ? used to make proteins

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3) THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

• Why is Phosphorus so important?
• It is needed to make DNA and RNA.
• Does not enter into the atmosphere.
• PHOSPHORUS IN LAND
• found in rock soil minerals , and ocean
  sediments ? washes into bodies of water
• plants absorb phosphate from soil or water ?
  binds it into organic compounds ? moves through
  food web
• PHOSPHORUS IN THE OCEAN
• dissolves in rivers, streams, oceans
• used by marine organisms

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The Phosphorus Cycle
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NUTRIENT LIMITATION

• __________________________ rate at which
  organic matter is created by producers
• __________________________ the substance in
  short supply that will limit an organisms growth
  (ex) if no nitrogen, no plant growth ? farmers
  use fertilizers
• __________________________ immediate increase in
  amount of algae because there are more nutrients
  available so producers grow and reproduce more
  quickly
• If not enough consumers, can be disruptive to and
  ecosystem