Millennium Development Goals A South Asian Perspective

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Millennium Development Goals A South Asian
Perspective

• August 13, 2005
• By Dr. Yasmeen Sabeeh Qazi
• Senior Program Advisor
• Packard Foundation

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GENESIS SYNTHESIS

• MDGs emerged as an agreed Development Agenda in
  September 2000 in UN sponsored Millennium Summit
• 147 World leaders agreed to a global compact
  MDGs
• Further supported by G8 countries in 2003
• Considered as a quantifiable Development Agenda
  emerging from the series of conferences in 1990s
  on Development

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ESSENCE

• Eight Goals
• Each goal - a specific commitment to reverse the
  spread of poverty and disease by 2015
• Supported by an Action Plan with 18
  quantifiable targets combating
• Poverty
• Hunger
• Disease
• Illiteracy
• Environmental Degradation
• Discrimination against women

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• Goals assign clear responsibilities to rich
  countries to provide developing countries
• More Aid
• Fairer terms of trade
• Meaningful Debt Relief
• UNDP Human Development Report 2003 provides most
  comprehensive analysis to date of
• Status of Global Campaign
• Concrete Policy Reforms
• Resource commitments needed to make these goals a
  reality by 2015

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Challenges

• More than a billion people still struggle to
  survive on less than a dollar a day
• Most of them lack access to basic health services
  safe drinking water
• Globally one child out of five does not complete
  primary school
• In much of the developing world, the HIV/AIDS
  pandemic continues to spread unchecked
• Nearly 800 million people or 15 of worlds
  population, suffer from chronic hunger

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Challenges

• If current trend continues, South Asia and
  Sub-Saharan Africa will not meet the target by
  2015
• In Sub-Saharan Africa, a child has only a
  one-in-three chances of completing primary school
• And one-in four school aged children in South
  Asia are not being educated
• Half a million women die in pregnancy or
  childbirth each year ,or one every minute of a
  day
• A woman in Sub-Saharan Africa is 100 times more
  likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than is
  a women in Western Europe

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South Asian Perspective

• South Asia with GNI per capita at 460 is home to
  nearly 40 of worlds poor living on less than
  dollar a day
• Since 1990, region has experienced rapid GDP
  growth, averaging 5.4 a year
• This growth has helped to reduce the consumption
  poverty rate substantially
• India has reduced poverty rate by 5 10 since
  1990
• Only exception is Pakistan where poverty has
  stagnated at around 33 using national poverty
  lines
• Challenges remain on measurement of consistent
  poverty trends has created a debate on
  measuring poverty trends in the 1990s

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• Encouraging success in reduction of mortality in
  children under five
• Rates has reduced substantially between 1990 and
  2002 from 130 to 95 per 1000 live birth
• Especially IMR is significantly reduced in
  Bangladesh from 144 to 73 per 1000 live births

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• MDG 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Target 1 Halve, between 1990 2015 the
  proportion of people whose income is less
  than one dollar a day

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• People living on less than 1 dollar a day in
  South Asia is 428 million (31.1) in 2001
  compared to 462 million (40.1) in 1990
• People living on less than 2 dollar a day in
  South Asia is 1,059 million (76.9) compared to
  958 million (85.5) in 1990
• Greatest number of poor people live in South
  Asia, but the proportion of poor is highest in
  Sub Saharan Africa, where slow economic growth
  has left millions at the margins of survival
• If projected growth remains on track, global
  poverty rates will fall to 12.7 percent- less
  than half the 1990 level- and 363 million more
  people will avert extreme poverty
• Source World Bank Data

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MDG 1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty Hunger

• 
  
• Target 2 Halve between 1990 2015 the
  proportions of people who suffer from hunger
• Malnutrition plays a role in more than half of
  all child deaths
• Prevalence rates of underweight children have
  been falling in most regions, but too slowly to
  achieve 2015 targets
• In many regions the number of hungry people
  continues to grow
• In South Asia however, progress in the prevalence
  rates of underweight children have been fast, the
  malnutrition rates declining by 25
• However the rates of malnutrition in general
  population remains high in South Asia

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MDG 2 Achieve Universal Primary Education

• Target 3 Ensure that, by 2015 children every
  where, boys and girls alike, will be able to
  complete a full course of primary schooling
• According to World Bank study, only 37 of 155
  developing countries analyzed have achieved
  universal primary education
• Based on 1990s trends, another 32 are likely to
  achieve that goal
• But 70 countries risk not reaching the goal
  unless progress is accelerated
• South Asia has chronically low enrollment
  completion rates and completion rates in Middle
  East and North Africa stagnated in 1990s

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• Primary Completion rate average primary
  School only

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MDG 3 Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

• Target 4 Eliminate gender disparity in primary
  and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and
  to all levels of education no later than 2015
• The differences between boys and girls schooling
  are greatest in regions with the lowest primary
  school completion rates and lowest average
  incomes
• In South Asia girls enrollment in Primary schools
  is 12 points lower than boys
• And only 61 of girls complete primary school
  compared with 86 of boys
• Gender disparity at school is still serious in
  many Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries

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• Beyond schooling the gender disparity in literacy
  is widespread, impinging on women empowerment
• Gender disparity in labor market is observed
  throughout the world in different proportion
• Of the 109 countries with data for late
  1990s,only 18 had a share of women equal or
  slightly higher than that of men
• Over the last decade there has been only a small
  progress, globally, in gender equality in wage
  employment in the non agriculture sector

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• Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary
  education

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MDG 4 Reduce Child Mortality

• Target 5 Reduce by two thirds, between 1990
  and
• 2015, the under five Mortality rate
• Child mortality is closely linked to poverty
• In 2002, the average under five mortality rates
  were
• -121 deaths per 1000 live births in low-
  income countries
• - 40 in lower middle income countries
• - 22 in upper-middle-income countries
• - 7 or less in high-income countries
• In 2002 48 countries had child mortality rates
  greater than 100 and 15 countries have greater
  than 200
• Mortality rates for children under 5 dropped by
  15 percent since 1990, but the rates remain high
  in developing countries

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• More than 10 million children die each year in
  the developing world, vast majority from
  preventable causes
• In developing countries 1 child in 10 dies before
  its 5th birthday, compared with 1 in 143 in high
  income countries
• At current rates of progress only a few countries
  will likely to achieve this MDG of reducing child
  mortality to one third of their 1990 levels
• Just as child deaths are the result of many
  causes, reducing child mortality will require
  multiple, complimentary interventions

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• Under Five mortality rate

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MDG 5 Improve Maternal Health

• Target 6 Reduce by three quarters, between
  1990
• and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
• Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer from
  poor reproductive health and serious pregnancy
  related illnesses and disability
• Every year more than 500,000 women die from
  complications of pregnancy and child birth.
• Most of these deaths occur in Asia, but the risk
  of dying is highest in Africa
• In developing countries, only about half of
  deliveries are attended by professional health
  staff
• In South East Asia currently 35 births are
  attended by skilled attendants

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The extreme risk of dying from pregnancy or child
birth in South East Asia is 1 in 140

• Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death, 2000

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MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

• Target 7 Have halted by 2015 begun to
  reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
• In 2003, 36 million adults and 2 million children
  were living with HIV/AIDS
• 66 of these cases are in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Almost a million new cases in South East Asia ,
  where more than 7 million people are living with
  HIV/AIDS
• HIV strikes at youth - women are particularly
  vulnerable
• More than half of those newly infected with HIV
  are between 15 and 24 year old - 13 for males
  and 6 for females
• East Asia have the lowest rates of known infected
  cases

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Youths Living with HIV/AIDS

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• Target 7 Have halted by 2015 and begun to
  reverse
• the incidence of malaria and other major
  diseases
• WHO estimates that 300 500 million cases of
  Malaria occur every year, leading to 1.1 million
  deaths
• 90 of all cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa
  may account for as much as 25 of child mortality
  
• Tuberculosis kills around 2 million people a
  year, most of them 15-45 years old
• Each year there are about 3 million new cases in
  South East Asia

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Incidence of Tuberculosis
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MDG 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability

• Target 9 Integrate the principles of
  sustainable development into country policies and
  programmes reverse the losses of environmental
  resources
• Forest cover 20 of land in South Asia and about
  30 of all land around the world
• Forest shrank by 95 million hectares in the last
  decade, the minimum change is however in South
  Asia, Middle East North Africa

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Total Energy Use
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions
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• Target 10 Halve by 2015 the proportion of
  people without sustainable access to safe
  drinking water and basic sanitation
• Access to safe water has improved in last decade
  but in 2000, 1.2 billion people still lacked
  access to an improved water source
• Out of this, 40 are in East Asia Pacific and
  25 in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Meeting MDGs will require providing about 1.5
  billion people with access to safe water and 2
  billion with access to basic sanitation
  facilities between 2000 and 2015

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Population with access to an improved water
source ()
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• Target 11 Have achieved by 2020 a significant
  improvement in the lives of at least 100 million
  slum dwellers
• Slums are the stage to the most acute scenarios
  of urban poverty, physical environmental
  deprivation
• Approx. one-third of the Urban Population
  globally live in these conditions
• Where available, trend data indicate that this
  problem is worsening
• In case of no major interventions it is expected
  that 924 million slum dwellers in 2001 will grow
  to 1.5 billion by 2020 UN-HABITAT

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MDG 8 Build a Global Partnership for Development

• Goal 8 complements the first 7 goals and has 7
  targets
• (12-18)
• It calls for an open, rule-based trading and
  financial system
• More generous AID to countries committed to
  poverty reduction
• Relief for debt problems of developing countries
• It draws attention to problems of least developed
  land locked countries small island states
• Calls for co-operation with private sector to
  address youth unemployment
• Ensure access to affordable, essential drugs
• Make available the benefits of new technologies
• Monterrey Consensus In March 2002, leaders from
  developing and high income countries agreed on
  new strategies for attacking global poverty in
  Monterrey, Mexico
• Commitment was made to increase official
  development assistance in real term by about 16
  billion a year by 2006

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What will it take to achieve the Millennium
Development Goals?

• Political will , commitment focus
• Monitoring the process
• Economies need to grow to provide jobs more
  income for poor people
• Health Education system must deliver services
  to everyone, men women, rich poor
• Infrastructure has to work and be accessible to
  all

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• Policies need to empower people to participate in
  the development process
• Fortify partnerships with private sector to
  complement supplement government programs
• Prioritization and context setting in development
  work at each country level
• Overcoming financial, human and institutional
  resource constraints
• Increased resources new financial commitments
  by the wealthiest nations
• While sustained growth would be necessary for
  poverty reduction, concomitant improvement in
  institutional delivery mechanisms will be
  essential for achieving progress in all other
  dimensions of MDGs.

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• Thank You . . .