Basic Research Needs to

1
Basic Research Needs to Assure a Secure Energy F
uture
Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, Chair
Dr. Linda Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair
Workshop October 21 25, 2002 Energy Bioscien
ces Follow-up Workshop January 13-14, 2003
2
Dramatis Personae

• John Stringer (Ch) Linda Horton (VC)
• The Team Chairs
• John Ahearne
• Charles Baker
• George Crabtree
• Lutgard De Jonghe
• Mildred Dresselhaus
• Jan Herbst
• Marvin Singer
• Rick Smalley
• The Factual Document Team
• Roger Stoller, Claudette McKamey, Stan Hadley,
  Tom Rosseel, and Barbara Ashdown
  
• The Planners, Organizers, and General Support
• Sharon Long, Tim Fitzsimmons and Harriet Kung

3
BESAC Charge Language
Date June 18, 2001 From James Decker, then
Acting Director, Office of Science
To Geraldine Richmond, University of Oregon,
BESAC Chair
What are the 21st century fundamental scientific
challenges that BES must consider in addressing
the DOE missions in energy efficiency, renewable
energy resources, improved use of fossil fuels,
safe and publicly acceptable nuclear energy,
future energy sources, science-based stockpile
stewardship, and reduced environmental impacts of
energy production and use?
4
Remarks by Secretary Abraham Brookhaven National
Laboratory June 14, 2002

The Department of Energy could well have been
called the Department of Science and Energy given
our contribution to American science. And the
reason we are so deeply involved in science is
simple. Our mission here at DOE as I have
stressed since becoming Secretary is national
security. And in my view, a serious commitment
to national security demands a serious
commitment to science, including basic research.
This commitment strengthens our energy security,
international competitiveness, economic growth,
and intellectual leadership. Moreover, if we
ever hope to leapfrog today's energy challenges
we must look to basic research.
I think it's clear. A nation that embraces basi
c research embraces a brighter future.
5
The Reasons for the Concern

• Increase in world population
• Increase in individual expectation for Energy
  world wide
  
• Current dependency on fossil fuels
• Finite resources of fossil fuels
• Need to extend time to exhaustion
• Need to develop new alternatives to lower CO2
  emissions

6
Fundamental Research for Energy Security
6
7
Distinctions Among Four Social Conditions
International Collaboration Global RD, global in
vestment,
global peace, global technologies
Annual GNP/capita
105
104
Amenities Education, recreation, the environment,

intergenerational investment
104
103
Basic Quality of Life Literacy, life expectancy,
sanitation, infant mortality, physical security,
social security
103
102
Survival Food, water, shelter, minimal health se
rvices
Annual kWh/capita
Source Chauncey Starr
8
Trends in Per Capita Electricity Consumption
9
World Population, 1850-2100
Billion
12
10
8
6
DCs
4
2
REFs
OECD
0
1850
1900
2050
2100
1950
2000
Source WEC/IIASA-Global Energy Perspectives to
2050 and Beyond
10
A Possible Outline for a Workshop
Fossil Energy Petroleum Reserves Production
Issues Basic research needs Natural Gas
Reserves Production Issues Basic researc
h needs Coal Reserves Production Issues
Basic research needs Other (oil shale, tar s
ands, gas hydrates, etc.) Reserves Productio
n Issues Basic research needs   Nuclear E
nergy Reserves Production Issues Basic
research needs
Renewable Energy Solar electric, solar photochemi
cal, and solar thermal Production Future pot
ential Issues Basic research needs Wind
Production Future potential Issues Basic
research needs Geothermal Production Future
potential Issues Basic research needs Biom
ass, biofuel, biofeedstock Production Future
potential Issues Basic research needs Hydr
oelectric Production Future potential Iss
ues Basic research needs Other (tides, ocean t
hermal, etc) Future potential Issues B
asic research needs
Hydrogen Sources Production Future potent
ial Issues Basic research needs   Fusion E
nergy Issues Basic research needs   Electr
ical Energy Production Energy sources Ge
neration, transmission, and storage
Current technologies Future technologies B
asic Research needs
Consumption Transportation On board energy sou
rces Current Future Primary fuel eff
iciency Current Future Basic researc
h needs Residential Energy sources Curren
t Future Efficiency Current Fu
ture Basic research needs Commercial Energ
y sources Current Future Efficiency
Current Future Basic research
needs Industrial Energy sources Current
Future Efficiency Current Future
Basic research needs
11
Conversations with BESAC on the Workshop
The basic research community has focused on many
of the known problems in energy technologies for
many years the workshop should not rehash these
areas. Rather, the workshop should focus on n
ew, revolutionary basic research opportunities.
12
Objective

• This is a statement concerning the mission of
  OBES at the time of the beginning of this task
  
• Deliver the scientific knowledge and
  discoveries for DOEs applied missions advance
  the frontiers of the physical sciences and areas
  of the biological, environmental, and
  computational sciences and provide world-class
  research facilities and essential scientific
  human capital to the Nations overall science
  enterprise.

13
Path to Attain Objectives

• Participation of Stakeholders
• As wide a constituency as possible
• Focus discussions to a limited number of
  proposals
  
• Support, not duplicate, applied mission offices
  of DOE
  
• Understand time scale of the objectives

14
Stakeholders

• DOE Applied Missions Offices
• Academia
• National Laboratories
• Industry
• DOE Office of Science

15
Stakeholders

• Over 100 people participated in the discussions
• DOE Applied Missions Offices 8
• Academia 27
• Federal Laboratories 39
• Industry 16
• DOE Office of Science 10

16
Three Phase Process to Answer the Charge Phase I

• Select Chairs for Topical Groups
• Chairs Select Members of Topical Groups
• Topical Groups Prepare Recommendations for
  Discussion and Development at Workshop
  
• Topical Groups Review and revise Draft Factual
  Documentation
  
• Deliverables From Phase I
• Group Recommendations for Research Directions to
  be developed at the Workshop
  

17
Define Topical Areas

• Fossil Energy
• 2. Distributed Generation
• 3. Nuclear Energy
• 4. Industrial, Residential, Commercial
• 5. Transportation
• 6. Renewable Energy
• Fusion Energy
• Energy Biosciences
• Crosscutting Research

18
Topical Team Chairs

• Marvin Singer (DOE OFE) Fossil Energy
• John Ahearne (Sigma Xi) Nuclear Fission
  Energy
  
• George Crabtree (ANL) Renewable and Solar
  Energy
  
• Charles Baker (UCSD) Fusion Energy
• Lutgard DeJonghe (UCB) Distributed Energy, Fuel
  Cells, and Hydrogen
  
• Jan Herbst (GM RD Center) Transportation
  Research
  
• Mildred Dresselhaus (MIT) Residential,
  Commercial and Industrial Energy
  
• Richard Smalley (Rice U) Crosscutting
  Research
  
• John Stringer (EPRI) Energy Biosciences.
•  

19
Three Phase Process to Answer the Charge The
Workshop - Phase II

• Conduct Workshop
• Additional Members Added to Topical Groups to
  Form Topical Teams
  
• Teams Develop Recommendations for Proposed
  Research Directions
  
• Teams Prepare Supporting Statements for Their
  Proposed Research Directions
  
• Prioritize Proposed Research Directions from all
  Topical Groups
  
• Deliverables from Phase II
• Selected PRDs with Supporting Statements

20
Introductory Presentations

• Overview of the Office of Science, James Decker,
  Deputy Director
  
• Overview of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences,
  Patricia Dehmer, Director
  
• Overview DOEs Office of Fossil Energy Programs,
  Rita A. Bajura, Director, NETL
  
• Basic Research Needs in Support of Advanced
  Nuclear Reactor and Fuel Cycle Technologies, R.
  Shane Johnson, Associate Director for Advanced
  Nuclear Research, Office of Nuclear Energy,
  Science and Technology
• Science Issues in the Office of Energy Efficiency
  and Renewable Energy, Sam Baldwin, Chief
  Technology Officer and Member, Board of
  Directors, Office of Energy Efficiency and
  Renewable Energy

21
Marvin Singer, ChairDirector, Advanced
ResearchOffice of Fossil Energy(FE-25) US
Department of Energy

Fossil Energy
Topical Group
Extra Attendees
Armstrong, Tim ORNL Bockelie, Mike Reaction Eng.
Carling, Bob SNL/CRF Dogan, Cindy DOE/FE
Albany Gleeson, Brian Iowa State U./AMES Harda
ge, Bob University of Texas Nenoff, Tina SNL/Al
b Keith, David Carnegie Mellon Suuberg, Eric
Brown University Wang, Anbo VPI Wimer, John NE
TL
Allison, Edie DOE/FE Caldeira, Ken LLNL Carim, A
ltof DOE-BES Cugini, Anthony NETL Myer, Larry
LBNL Ray, Doug PNNL Richards, Geo NETL White, C
urt NETL Winans, Randy ANL Woodward, Nick DOE-BE
S
22
Lutgard DeJonghe, ChairProfessor of
CeramicsMaterials Science and EngineeringUnivers
ity of California, Berkeley

Distributed Generation
Topical Group
Extra Attendees
Garland, Nancy EE Liu, Meilin GIT Ogden, Joan Pr
inceton Pecharsky, Vitalij Iowa State/Ames Ross,
Philip LBNL Singhal, Subhash PNNL Turner, John
NREL Wheeler, Douglas United Tech. Williams, Mar
k NETL
Adzic, Radoslav BNL Buchanan, AC ORNL Henderson,
David NE-20 Kelley, Dick DOE-BES Lutz, Andy SNL
Noceti, Rick NETL Suenaga, Mas BNL Tully, Fran
k DOE-BES
23
John Ahearne, Chair Executive Director Sigma Xi
Scientific Research Society

Nuclear Energy
Topical Group
Extra Attendees
Bennett, Ralph INEEL Croff, Allen ORNL Gottschal
l, Bob DOE-BES Klein, Andy Oregon State Phase
I Assistance Goldner, Frank NE-20 Taylor, Joh
n Former EPRI Todreas, Neil MIT
Allen, Todd ANL-W Beitz, Jim ANL Mike Kassner,
Oregon State Millman, Bill DOE-BES Richards, J
ack Cal Tech. Versluis, Rob NE-20 Wirth, Brian L
LNL Weber, Bill PNNL
24
Jan Herbst, Chair Materials and Processes
LaboratoryGM RD Center

Transportation
Topical Group
Extra Attendees
Ahn, Channing California Institute of Technology
DebRoy, Tarasankar Pennsylvania State University
Eberhardt, Jim EE Grostic, Ed ORNL Hadaller, Ore
n The Boeing Company Hass, Kenneth Ford Motor Com
pany Heremans, Joseph Delphi Research Labs Sloan
e, Chris General Motors
Anderson, Iver AMES Baskaran, Suresh PNNL Duong,
Tien EE Kirchhoff, Bill DOE-BES Leesing, Paul I
NEEL McGurl, Gil NETL Miles, Paul SNL Morris,
Jamie AMES Ott, Kevin LANL Varma, Matesh DOE-
BES
25
George Crabtree, ChairSenior Scientist and
DirectorMaterials Science Division Argonne
National Laboratory

Renewable Energy
Topical Group
Extra Attendees
Baldwin, Sam EE Bullock, Morris BNL Cooke, John
ORNL Ingram, Lonnie Univ. of Florida Kazmerski,
Larry NREL Lewis, Nate Cal Tech. Mazer, Jeff EE
Nozik, Arthur NREL Sutula, Ray EE Tiede,
David ANL
Baker, Tom LANL Ginosar, Dan INEEL Gui, John
GE Kennedy, Mack LBNL Miranda, Amy DOE-EE Pala
dino, Joe NETL Weatherwax, Sharlene DOE-BES Zhu,
Jane DOE-BES
26
Milldred Dresselhaus Institute Professor
Physics and Electrical Engineering MIT

Industrial, Residential, and Commercial
Panel Members Sam Baldwin (EE) Hylan Lyon (Marl
ow Industries) Gerald Mahan (Penn State U.) Anne
Mayes (MIT) Steve Selkowitz (LBNL) Jerry Simmon
s (SNL) Harriet Kung (BES) Aravinda Kini (BES)
Speakers Dr. Anil Duggal (GE) Dr. Jerry Simmons
(SNL) Prof. Woods Haley (UMN) Dr. Ron Judkoff
(NREL) Dr. Ertugrul Berkcan (GE) Dr. Dickson
Ozokwelu (DOE/EE) Prof. Vitalij Pecharsky (Ames/
Iowa State)
Panel Members with Phase I Task
Paul Alivisatos (UC, Berkeley)
Sam Bader (ANL)Terry Michalske (SNL)
27
Charles BakerVirtual Laboratory for Technology
University of California, San Diego

Fusion Energy
Topical Group
Extra Attendees
Zinkle, Steve ORNL
Berk, Sam DOE-Fusion Jones, Russ PNNL Lindl, Joh
n LLNL McNight, Ron DOE-Fusion Rohlfing, Eric DO
E-BES
Schoenberg, Kurt LANL Scott Willms LANL
Phase I Assistance
Abdou, Mohamed UCLA Bangerter, Roger LBNL Dahlbu
rg, Jill General Atomics Efthimion, Phil Princeto
n
Morley, Neil UCLA
28
Rick Smalley, ChairProfessor of Chemistry Rice
University

Crosscutting Research
Topical Group
Extra Attendees
Bekey, Ivan Bekey Designs Boubour, Emmanuelle Ohi
o State Green, Art ExxonMobil Kwok, Kwan DARPA
Lavin, Gerry DuPont Fellow Mankins,
John NASA Marek, Reinnette Rice U. Shoham, Yora
m Shell Tester, Jeff MIT
All Topical Chairs Stringer, John EPRI Hor
ton, Linda ORNL
Thomas, Iran DOE-BES
29
John Stringer, ChairEPRI
Energy Biosciences Research
Topical Group
Other Attendee
Mark Alper, LBNL Heinz Frei, LBNL Evan Hughes, E
PRI Laurie Mets, U. Chicago John Shanklin, BNL
Chris Somerville, Stanford U. Walt Stevens, BES
Lut De Jonghe, UCB
Linda Horton, ORNL
30
Products of the Workshops

• The products of the two Workshops consisted of
  four items
  
• A set of Proposed Research Directions (PRDs).
  Altogether, 37 were produced.
  
• Supporting statements for each PRD, in the form
  of a one-page Executive Summary and three pages
  of detailed information.
  
• A list of General Research Areas, derived from
  the PRDs. 10 of these were identified
  
• The Factual Document, summarizing the status of
  energy supply and use.

31
Proposed Research Directions

• Fossil Energy
• Reaction Pathways of Inorganic Solid materials
  Synthesis, Reactivity, Stability
  
• Advanced Subsurface Imaging and Alteration of
  Fluid-Rock Interactions
  
• Development of an Atomistic Understanding of High
  Temperature Hydrogen Conductors
  
• Fundamental Combustion Science Towards Predictive
  Modeling of Combustion Technologies
  
• Nuclear Fission Energy
• Materials Degradation
• Advanced Actinide and Fission Product Separations
  and Extraction
  
• Fuels Research
• Fundamental Research in Heat Transfer and Fluid
  Flow

32
Proposed Research Directions

• Renewable and Solar Energy
• To Displace Imported Petroleum by Increasing the
  Cost-Competitive Production of Fuels and
  Chemicals from Renewable Biomass by 100-fold
  
• Develop Methods for Solar Energy Conversion that
  Result in a 10-50 fold Decrease in the Cost to
  Efficiency Ratio for the Production of Fuels and
  Electricity
• Develop the Knowledge Base to Enable Widespread
  Creation of Geothermal Reservoirs
  
• Conversion of Solar, Wind, or Geothermal Energy
  Into Stored Chemical Fuels
  
• Advanced Materials for Renewable Energy
  Applications
  
• Fusion Energy
• Multiscale Modeling of Microstructural Stability
  of Irradiated Materials
  
• Deformation and Fracture Modeling
• Plasma-Surface Interactions
• Thermofluids and Smart Liquids
• Plasma Aerodynamics

33
Proposed Research Directions

• Distributed Energy, Fuel Cells, and Hydrogen
• Advanced Hydrogen Synthesis
• High Capacity Hydrogen Storage for Distributed
  Energy of the Future
  
• Novel Membrane Assemblies (for Ion Transport)
• Designed Interfaces
• Transportation Research
• Integrated Quantitative Knowledge Base for
  Joining of Lightweight Structural Materials for
  Transportation Applications
  
• Vehicular Energy Storage
• Fundamental Challenges in Fuel Cell Stack
  Materials
  
• Integrated Heterogeneous Catalysis
• Thermoelectric Materials and Energy Conversion
  Cycles for Mobile Applications
  
• Complex Systems Science for Sustainable
  Transportation
  

34
Proposed Research Directions

• Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Energy
• Sensors
• Solid State Lighting
• Innovative Materials for New Energy Technologies
• Multilayer Thin Film Materials and Deposition
  Processes
  
• Energy Biosciences Research
• Energy Biotechnology Metabolic Engineering of
  Plants and Microbes for Renewable Fuels and
  Chemicals
  
• Genomic Tools for the Development of Designer
  Energy and Chemical Crops
  
• Nanoscale Hybrid Assemblies for the Photo-Induced
  Generation of Fuels and Chemicals
  
• Cross Cutting Research and Education
• Nanomaterials
• Preparing Tomorrows Workforce for the Energy
  Challenge and Heightening the Publics
  Awareness.
  

35
Basic Research Directions

• Materials Research to Transcend Energy Barriers
• Energy Biosciences
• Research Towards the Hydrogen Economy
• Energy Storage
• Novel Membrane Assemblies
• Heterogeneous Catalysis
• Energy Conversion
• Energy Utilization Efficiency
• Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Actinide Chemistry
• Geosciences
•  

36
Three Phase Process to Answer the Charge
Phase III

• Coordinate/assemble results of Phases I and II
• Expand Information
• Follow up meeting on biological opportunities in
  energy research
  
• Prepare Report, Including Appendices
• Summary of workshop activities and proposed
  research directions for each topic
  
• Factual documentation
• Deliverables from Phase III
• Report to BESAC

37
Materials Research to Transcend Energy Barriers

• Many of the technological barriers related to
  energy hinge on improved materials. This theme
  appeared in nearly half of the PRDs.
  
• Nanomaterials
• Materials Degradation
• Composite Materials
• Materials Fabrication Issues
• Advanced Materials and New Materials
  Opportunities

38
Energy Biosciences

• Biomimetic approaches to solar energy capture and
  generation of fuels and chemicals
  
• Using emerging knowledge in functional genomics
  and molecular technology to develop plants
  optimized to produce fuels and chemicals
  
• Development of biocatalysts

39
Research Towards the Hydrogen Economy

• Hydrogen production high-temperature splitting
  of water thermochemical splitting harnessing
  light for photovoltaic splitting.
  
• Atomistic understanding of hydrogen conductors
  for fuel cells
  
• New hydrogen storage concepts

40
Energy Storage

• This is of great importance for the development
  of transient renewable resources such as wind
  or solar energy
  
• Photoconversion of renewable substrates to liquid
  or gaseous fuels
  
• Phase transitions in materials for energy
  storage
  

41
Novel Membrane Assemblies

• This is of great importance for gas separations
  enabling lower cost fossil-based hydrogen
  production
  
• Needed for fuel cell operation in the 200o
  600oC range
  
• Basic research needed that will support the
  establishment of a fundamental understanding of
  the relationship between membrane structure and
  functionality

42
Heterogeneous Catalysis

• Heterogeneous catalysis underlies a number of the
  concepts proposed for new directions in energy
  production and utilization
  
• Research needed to establish detailed
  structure-function relationships to allow the
  development of a predictive capability for new
  process concepts and materials design

43
Energy Conversion

• Basic research to support advances in diagnostic
  tools to advance combustion science and lead to
  predictive models for design and real-time
  operation control.
• Multi-phase fluid flow and heat transfer effect
  of nanophase dispersions
  
• Improvements in conversion efficiency of solar
  devices problem is rapid decay of photogenerated
  carriers
  
• Fuel cells for transportation and distributed
  power
  
• Significant improvements in thermoelectric
  materials.

44
Utilization/Efficiency

• A major opportunity is lighting. Science
  underlying solid state lighting, with
  light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
  
• New light-emitting materials nitride-based wide
  band-gap semiconductors and polymer-based organic
  electronic materials
  
• Research needed to allow viable use of biomass
  energy using marginal land, limited water
  supplies, and low fertilizer use

45
Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Actinide Chemistry

• Expansion of the nuclear option for electricity
  generation will probably require fuel
  reprocessing.
  
• Fundamental research is needed to understand the
  fuel cycle and the chemistry of the associated
  radionuclides
  
• Research on the extraction of uranium from
  seawater offers the possibility of a large
  increase in the fuel resource

46
Geosciences

• Geosciences underpin the discovery of new fossil
  fuel resources, the utilization of hard-to-access
  reserves and the storage of carbon dioxide.
  
• Research in subsurface imaging
• In-situ alteration of fluid/rock interactions
• Development of understanding of wave-propagation
  and scattering in complex heterogeneous media

47
Summary

• There is no single solution to the problem of
  assuring a secure energy future for the U.S.
  
• Problems that must be addressed are truly
  interdisciplinary.
  
• This means that research will require the
  coordinated participation of investigators with
  different skill sets.
  
• Basic science skills have to be complemented by
  awareness of the overall nature of the problem,
  and with knowledge of the engineering, design,
  and control issues in an eventual solution.

48
Summary

• It is necessary to find ways in which this can be
  done while still preserving the ability to do
  first-class basic science
  
• The traditional structure of research, with
  specific disciplinary groupings, will not be
  sufficient.
  
• This presents great challenges, and also great
  opportunities

49
Recommendation

• A major program should be funded to conduct a
  multidisciplinary research program to address the
  underlying fundamental knowledge that must be
  developed to address the issues involved in
  providing a secure energy future for the U.S.
• This program must be ensured of a long-term
  stability.

50
Recommendation (continued)

• The Department of Energys Office of Basic Energy
  Sciences is well-positioned to support this
  initiative by enhancement of their already
  world-class scientific research programs and user
  facilities.

51
In the first century C.E., Manilius remarked in
Astronomica, i. 104, of human intelligence
Eripuitque Jovi fulmen viresque tonandi.
  Which, as we all know, means And snatched fr
om Jove the lightning shaft and the power to
thunder.  
52
James Baldwin (1924 1987) If we do not now d
are everything, the fulfillment of that prophecy,
re-created from the Bible in song by a slave, is
upon us God gave Noah the rainbow sign No more
water, the fire next time!
53
Do not all charms fly At the mere touch of cold p
hilosophy? There was an awful rainbow once in hea
ven We know her woof, her texture she is given
In the dull catalogue of common
things. Philosophy will clip an Angels wings, C
onquer all mysteries by rule and line,
Empty the haunted air, and gnomed mine
Unweave a rainbow, as it erewhile made
The tender-persond Lamia melt into a shade.

John Keats (1795 1821)
54
Sustainability
55
The Global Viewpoint

• EPRI believes that we must aim at a minimum level
  of 1,000 kWh per capita per year to achieve
  acceptable levels of literacy, health, and
  security.
• The world-wide average in 1950 was 400 kWh this
  has risen to 2,100 kWh in 2000, and is predicted
  to be 6,000 kWh per capita in 2050
  
• The achievement of these levels, with the
  universal foundation level of 1,000 kWh,
  represents a major challenge.

56
Electric Power Production in the USA (2000)

• Net Generation 3,800 billion kilowatt-hours
• In 1973, 1,861 BkW-h
• Total population in the US 285.4 million
• Per Capita generation 13,315 kW-h per annum

57
Carbon Intensity of World Primary Energy,
1900-2050
Carbon Intensity (tC/toe)
Carbon Intensity of
Wood 1.25
Coal 1.08
Oil 0.84
Gas 0.64
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2050
Source National Academy of Engineering, 1997
58
U.S. Competitiveness - Technology Opportunities
1950
1990
Energy Intensity
2020
toe 103GDP
2050
10
20
30
40
50
60
Electricity ()
tons of oil equivalent
59
Generating Electricity with Coal

• A little more than half of the electricity
  generated in the USA comes from coal-fired
  Rankine cycle plants
  
• Electricity generation is responsible for about
  35 of the anthropogenic CO2
  
• However, the coal-fired generating stations are
  large fixed sources, and it is likely that they
  will be targeted for remedial actions

60
Electric Power Production in the USA (2000)

• In units of BkW-h
• coal 2,000 53
• natural gas 600 16
• nuclear 754 20
• hydroelectric 279 7
• renewables 84 2
• (Quantities dont add to 100 because of
  rounding-off)
  

61
(No Transcript)
62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
Coal Production in the USA

• In 2000, total coal production in the US was
  1.075 billion short tons (0.976 billion tonnes)
  
• This is the seventh year in a row that coal
  production has exceeded 1 B short tons.
  
• The coal consumption by the electric power sector
  in 2000 was 0.983 B short tons.
  
• This corresponds to the production of 2.280
  billion short tons of CO2 (2.069 billion tonnes)
  
• The density of supercritical liquid CO2 is 0.9
  (water is 1.0) coal is somewhat greater.
  (Source Monthly Energy Review U.S. DOE)
  
  

65
Generating Electricity with Coal

• Approximately 1200 coal-fired power plants in the
  US greater than 50 MW(e)
  
• Earliest dates from 1940, most recent about 1987.
  Majority built in the period 1952 - 1975
  
• Overall net efficiencies (coal pile to busbar) of
  current units typically in the range 34 - 37
  oldest plants somewhat less.
  
• Best efficiency ever achieved in the US was 42
  by the Eddystone plant.
  
• Capacity factor approximately 65 or so.

66
(No Transcript)
67
Generating Electricity with Coal

• The Rankine cycle boils water to form superheated
  steam, which is then expanded through a turbine
  which in turn drives a generator.
  
• At the exhaust of the steam turbine, the steam is
  condensed and the water is returned to the
  boiler the pressurization of the working fluid
  is achieved with the water pumps.

68
Generating Electricity with Coal

• Most of the Rankine cycles in the US are
  subcritical the critical point for water is
  
• 647.29 K (705.47 F)
• 22.089 Mpa (3208.2 psia)
• Subcritical steam conditions
• 811 K (1000 F) 16.55 Mpa (2400 psia)
• Supercritical steam conditions
• 811 K (1000 F) 24.1 Mpa (3500 psia)

69
Generating Electricity with Coal

• The efficiency of a heat engine is related to the
  Carnot efficiency
  
• µc (Tmax - Tmin) / Tmax (T in Absolute)
• So, for the steam conditions given before, and
  assuming a condenser temperature of 290K, µc
  0.64
  
• Actual efficiency for a Rankine cycle is closer
  to µR 0.35
  

70
Generating Electricity with Coal

• Recent studies in the US, Japan, and Europe have
  examined the possibility of increasing the
  maximum steam temperature. The major limitation
  is related to the available materials for the hot
  components. 920 K is regarded as attainable
  above 1020 K is not.
• µR, 920 0.40
• µR, 1020 0.45
  (approx!)

71
The Kenosha Plant

• 300 MW(e), Appalachian coal, 35 efficiency.
• 3,000 tonnes coal per day
• 270 tonnes ash per day
• 6,960 tonnes CO2 per day
• 305 tonnes CaSO4 per day
• 2,400,000 tonnes cooling water per day
• (1 tonne CO2 2.27 tonnes CaCO3)

72
The Magnitude of the Problem

• As will become clear later, the current objective
  is to capture the CO2 as a pure gas, which is
  then compressed to form a supercritical liquid
  this is then pumped to a storage site.
• Supercritical CO2 has a density lower than water
  coal has a density higher than water.
  
• So the volume of the CO2 is more than twice that
  of the coal that was mined!

73
The Overall Options

• If we are to achieve these national and global
  goals, with the additional requirements for
  global sustainability and national strategic
  security, together with a reduction in global
  anthropogenic CO2 emissions, it is obvious we are
  faced with major challenges.
• The options are
• Decarbonization of fuels
• Moves to non- CO2 emitting options
• Capture and sequestration of CO2
• In fact, all these options must be pursued!

74
Decarbonizing the Fuel

• Obviously, an important direction for the
  industry is to continue decarbonizing the fuel,
  which amounts to continuing to increase the H/C
  ratio.
• Current preferred direction increasing the
  natural gas/coal ratio.
  
• Two paths for this
• Use natural gas for all new power that would
  have used coal
  
• Replace existing coal-firing with natural gas
  firing

75
Substituting Natural Gas

• U.S. Usage of Natural Gas in 2000 in units of
  billion cubic feet
  
• Total 22,775
• Residential 4,943
• Commercial 3,332
• Industrial 9,581 (3,500 of this to generate
  electricity)
  
• Utilities 3,043
• If all electricity were generated with natural
  gas, this last figure would be 31,528
  

76
Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

• The Brayton Cycle is that which is used by
  combustion turbines
  
• The working fluid is the hot combustion gas,
  which is compressed, and expands and cools
  through a turbine.
  
• The turbine drives the compressor, which works on
  the inlet combustion air generally the
  appropriate increase in the pressure of the fuel
  is dealt with separately.
• The remaining energy in the gas following driving
  the compressor drives the generator

77
Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

• The combustion turbines first used by the utility
  industry were liquid fuel-fired.
  
• Liquid fuels can be stored on site relatively
  easily.
  
• They are expensive but the capital cost of the
  turbine, and its footprint, are small.
  
• A combustion turbine is capable of very rapid
  start and ramp-up.
  
• Accordingly, these turbines were used for peaking.

78
Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

• The efficiency of the simple-cycle combustion
  turbine is not particularly high.
  
• This is because, at least in part, there is a
  practical limit to the ability to recover the
  energy in the gas once the pressure and
  temperature have fallen below certain values at
  which the gas, nonetheless, still contains
  significant energy.
• This can be recovered by a bottoming cycle the
  most common of which is a Rankine cycle

79
Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

• The combination of two or more cycles like this
  in an energy conversion process is called a
  combined cycle (CC).
  
• From a Carnot efficiency point of view, one is
  still only concerned with the overall input and
  output temperatures the CTSTCC combined cycle
  uses the ability of a CT to use high inlet
  temperatures, and the ability of the ST to
  recover energy at low outlet temperatures.
• But practically, since the departures from Carnot
  are different for the two cycles, the cross-over
  point becomes important.

80
Generating Electricity with Natural Gas

• Newer plant in the US have been fired with
  natural gas.
  
• While there are Rankine units fired with natural
  gas, most of the new units use combustion
  turbines (the Brayton cycle)
  
• The most recent development has been to use
  Rankine steam cycles in combination to recover
  the sensible heat in the turbine exhaust.
  
• In the most recent units, these have achieved
  efficiencies as high as µCC 0.59

81
Is There Enough Natural Gas?

• Depends where it comes from.
• If bacterial routes to generation of natural gas
  from carbon, or even carbon dioxide, prove to be
  viable, then perhaps yes.
  
• However, at the present rate of discovery, the
  competition for the gas available, and political
  uncertainties, the situation over the next twenty
  years looks very dicey.
• IGCC costs are very sensitive to the fuel costs
  - 75 of the life-cycle costs are related to fuel
  costs at present prices!

82
Is There Enough Gas Distribution Infrastructure?

• This is a difficult question - the answers you
  get depend on who you ask.
  
• A more important issue may relate to the
  dynamical response required of the distribution
  system to accommodate the variation of
  electricity demand.
• It will also depend on the distribution of the
  gas sources related to the distribution of
  electric generating plant. It might seem that
  this would not be an issue, because the users are
  essentially the same, but its not so simple.

83
Capture and Sequestration of CO2

• This topic has been very extensively covered.
• The currently preferred option for fossil-fuel
  fired heat engines is to develop a method to
  generate an exhaust gas stream which is
  essentially pure CO2.
• This is then sequestered in a stable reservoir,
  such as an isolated aquifer, a spent oil well, or
  the deep ocean.
  
• We have been looking at permanent sequestration
  by mimicking natural processes.

84
Sequestration Options
85
Carbon Dioxide Where do we put it?
Carbon dioxide ocean disposal options

(Adapted from Fujioka et al, 1997)
(Adapted from Fujioka et al, 1997)
86
Sinks
87
Sink Capacity
88
CO2 Capture and Sequestration Options

• Enhancement of Natural Sinks
• CO2 Capture
• CO2 Reuse/Storage
• Geological Storage
• Deep Ocean Disposal
• Pipelines -- Corrosion/Safety
• Monitoring Procedures (applies to all above)

89
CO2 Capture

• Membranes
• Amines
• O2 Enhanced Combustion
• Physical Adsorbents
• CO2 Hydrates

90
Establishing RD Programs

• Japan
• RITE (Research Institute of Innovative Technology
  for the Earth) established in July 1990
  
• About 50 million USD per year in direct
  expenses
  
• IEA Greenhouse Gas RD Programme
• Established 1991
• Currently has 17 members plus 7 sponsors
• US
• Pre-1998, only about 1.5 million per year
• Budgets show significant growth starting in 1998

91
The Sleipner CO2-Injection Project
92
The Sleipner CO2-Injection Project
93
Natural CO2 Sequestration

• 60 million years ago, the CO2 concentration in
  the atmosphere was 7,000 ppm!
  
• One can identify at least three natural
  sequestration processes
  
• Coalification
• Terrestrial weathering
• Marine carbonate formation

94
Natural Sequestration

• Weathering
• MgSiO3 CO2 ? MgCO3 SiO2
• Marine Carbonate
• Ca2 CO32- ? CaCO3
• CO2 H2O ? CO32- 2H

95
Energy/Carbon and Global Sustainability

• Limit-Breaking Technologies
• Advanced nuclear, fuel cell, and renewable
  technologies
  
• Electricity/hydrogen infrastructure
• Carbon sequestration
• Advanced sensors and controls
• Advanced materials
• Micro-miniaturization of processes