Pericles and Democracy

1
Pericles and Democracy

• Who the heck is Pericles
• Leader of Athens during its golden age
• Charismatic and able to hold power for 32 years
• Three Goals
• Strengthen Athenian democracy
• Hold and strengthen the empire
• Glorify Athens

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How did he achieve his goals?

• Strengthen Athenian democracy
• Increased of paid public officials
• Direct democracy
• Citizens rule directly, not through
  representatives
• Remember, though, that only free men could be
  citizens
• Turn to page 120 and answer the skill builder
  questions
• 1.
• 2.

3
How did he achieve his goals?

• Hold and strengthen the empire
• Used money from Delian League to build Navy
• Essential to have a Navy to protect and grow the
  Empire
• WHY?
• Greece doesnt have access to many natural
  resources (remember) therefore they need to
  travel and trade to get what they need

4
How did he achieve his goals?

• Glorify Athens
• Persauded the assembly to give money for gold,
  ivory, and marble
• Gave even more money to artisans to create the
  Parthenon

5
Accomplishments in Art

• Sculpture
• Created sculptors that reflected values
• Order
• Balance
• Proportion
• Grace
• Perfection
• Became know as classical art

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Accomplishments in Drama

• Invented the concept of drama
• Used to express civil pride and as tributes to
  gods
• Tragedy
• Serious drama about love, hate, war or betrayal
• Elements of the tragedy
• Tragic hero (super abilities)
• Tragic flaw (error in judgment or personal flaw
  of hero)
• Famous tragedy guys (Guys that wrote tragedies)
• Aeschylus (The Oresteia)
• Sophocles (Oedipus)
• Euripides (Medea)

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Accomplishments in Drama

• Invented the concept of drama
• Comedy
• Elements
• Slapstick situations
• Crude humor
• Poke fun at a subject (satire, think Saturday
  Night Live)
• Famous comedy guys
• Aristophanes (The Birds, Lysistrata)
• Comedies show the openness and freedom of
  discussion- Why?

8
Peloponnesian War

• The basics
• Athens and Sparta always had conflict
• Conflict grew as Athenians naval empire grew
• Leaders of both Athens and Sparta wanted to fight
  
• Both thought that they had the advantage
• Sparta declared war in 431
• Eventually, Athens surrenders
• Why is it important?
• After the war Athens loses its empire and the
  concept of democracy comes into question
• Leads to the development and cultivation of
  philosophy

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Philosophy

• Greek thinkers or philosopher base their thinking
  on 2 assumptions
• The universe is put together in an orderly way
  and is subject o absolute and unchanging laws
• People can understand the laws through reason and
  logic

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Sophists vs. Socrates

• Sophists believe that there was no universal
  standard of truth, that all things are relative
• Socrates argued that there were absolutes
  standards when it came to truth and justice
• Socrates believed that one should examine
  personal beliefs, morals and values
• What do you think?

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Plato

• Student of Socrates
• Came up with the perfect society
• The Republic
• People naturally fall into a class system
• The leaders according to Plato would be the
  smartest person
• Philosopher King

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Aristotle

• Student of Plato
• Came up with a method for arguing according to
  the rules of logic
• Teacher to Alexander the Great (some dude we will
  learn about later) or

13

• RIGHT NOW

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Or actually in a minuteFirst

• Macedonia
• An empire north of Greece
• Lead by Philip II
• Decides to take advantage of the weakness of
  Athens and Sparta (weak because of war)
• Greeks look down on the Macedonians even though
  they were pretty similar

15
Conquest of Greece

• Philips creates an unstoppable army
• Highly organized
• Well-trained
• Athens and Thebes join together to defend
  themselves, but are CRUSHED by the Macedonians
• Greek loses its independence to Macedonia

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End of Philip, beginning of Alex

• While partying down at his daughters wedding he
  is stabbed to death by a former guard
• Alexander his son takes his place
• At 20, Alexander is the king of Macedonia
• Well prepared to lead
• Taught by Aristotle
• Fierce warrior
• Harsh ruler
• Quells a rebellion by destroying a city, killing
  6,000 people and selling the rest into slavery

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Invasion of Persia

• Through brilliant military maneuvering Alex is
  able to defeat the Persian army
• Runs the Persian king, Darius III out of Persia
• Takes over Anatolia

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Alex continues his rampage

• Alexander wants to take over the entire Persian
  Empire
• Invades Egypt
• Crowned pharaoh because Egyptians see him as a
  liberator
• Conquers several other locations and builds a
  vast empire
• Turn to pg. 130 and answer the Geography skill
  builder questions
• 1. Africa, Europe, Asia
• 2. Kingdoms of Lysimachus, Cassander, Antigonas,
  Ptolemy, Seleucus

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Last Hoorah

• Alex leads his army toward India
• Endure severe conditions
• Soldiers yearn to go home
• Alex decides to turn back and go home
• A year after his return he gets sick and at the
  age of 32 he dies

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Splitting up the empire

• Alexanders strongest generals take control
• Antigonus
• Becomes king of Macedonia and takes control of
  Greek city-states
• Ptolemy
• Seizes Egypt
• Established a dynasty
• Seleucus
• Control the Persian Empire
• Creates the Seleucid Empire
• None embrace democracy and rule with iron fists

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End of Greek culture, beginning of a new

• Due to Alexs conquests cultures combine
• Greek culture blends with Egyptian, Persian, and
  Indian influences
• This is know as Hellenistic culture
• The language called Koine (meaning common) allows
  for the educated and traders to communicate
  through-out the region

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Importance of Alexandria
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Importance of Alexandria

• Center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization
• Locations makes it ideal for trade
• Many cultures mix to become a diverse and
  international city

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Alexandrias Greatest Attraction

• Architecture
• Royal palaces
• Alexanders glass tomb
• Lighthouse of Alexandria
• Museum and temple dedicated to the Muses
• Contained art galleries
• Zoo
• Gardens
• Dining hall

25
Science and Technology

• Astronomy
• Aristarchus of Samos
• Reached 2 major conclusions
• The sun was 300 times larger than the earth (you
  can actually fir 1 million earths into the sun
• Most people believed that the sun was smaller
  than Greece
• Proposed that the earth and other planets
  revolved around the sun
• NOT SUPPORTED BY OTHER SCIENTISTS
• Ptolemy
• Placed the earth as the center of the universe
• This view was accepted for the next 14 years
• Eratosthenes
• Came close to calculating the actual size of the
  earth using geometry

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Science and Technology

• Math and Physics
• Euclid
• Created a book called the Elements
• Basis for modern day geometry
• Archimedes
• Estimated the value if pi
• Law of the lever
• Invented the pulley
• Basis for the catapult, force pump, pneumatic
  machines, and even the steam engine

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Philosophy and Art

• Stoicism
• Philosopher Zeno started the school of Stoicism
• Beliefs
• A divine power who controlled the universe
• People should live a virtuous life in harmony
  with natural laws
• Desire, power and wealth are dangerous
  distractions that should be avoided
• Provides an ethical approach to life
• Appealed to many different people because it
  encourages social unity

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Philosophy and Art

• Epicureanism
• Epicurus founded the school of thought
• Beliefs
• Universe was composed by atoms
• Ruled by a god who had no interest in human
  beings
• Greatest good and highest pleasure came from
  virtuous conduct and absence of pain
• Main goal is to achieve harmony with body and mind

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Philosophy and Art

• Realism in Sculpture
• Moved away from displaying perfection in
  sculpture
• Hellenistic artists tried to show things in their
  natural state
• Showed emotion, imperfection and humanity in
  their art